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Parliamentary System: To Be Or Not To Be

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By Ebun-Olu Adegboruwa, SAN

Nigeria gained independence from Britain in 1960, after several years of colonial rule. Expectedly, Nigeria adopted the parliamentary system of government being the one prevailing in Britain and many other commonwealth countries.

The parliamentary system of government is one in which the party or a coalition of parties with the greatest representation in the parliament forms the government, its leader becoming the Prime Minister.

In this regime, executive powers are exercised by members of the parliament appointed by the prime minister to the cabinet. The party or parties in the minority serve in the opposition to the majority and have the duty to challenge the programmes and policies of the government regularly.

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This system of government is mostly regulated by conventions rather than statutes. The prime minister may be removed from power whenever he loses the confidence of a majority of the ruling party or of the parliament.

One of the major features of the parliamentary system is individual and collective responsibility, which ensures the accountability of the government to the legislature and thus, the populace.

The collective responsibility of ministers to the parliament takes different forms. First and foremost, it signifies that the government remains in office only so long as it retains the confidence of the parliament and that all ministers stand or fall together with that government.

Ministers must support government policies, but they must also resign or seek the dissolution of the government if defeated in the parliament on a matter of confidence (for instance, a vote on the budget). Collective responsibility implies that ministers are bound by the decisions of the cabinet, even when they had no part in their discussion or decision.

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Second, all members of the government speak in concert in the parliament, unless the prime minister relieves them of that duty. This can happen when the government has no stated policy on an issue and allows a free vote to take place in the parliament or when the prime minister allows a member of his or her government to differ publicly from a policy.

The principle of ministerial responsibility ensures that the government acts as one entity and that this entity is answerable and accountable to the parliament. This was well captured in section 83 of the 1960 Constitution which states that “the cabinet shall be collectively responsible for any advice given to the Governor-General by or under the general authority of any minister of the government of the Federation in the execution of his office.”

During the first republic, a parliamentary system of government was in operation under the 1960 and 1963 Constitutions. This lasted till January 1966 following the military intervention in the government of Nigeria. A constituent assembly was put together towards the exit of military rule in 1978, leading to the draft 1979 Constitution which established the presidential system of government for the second republic.

It was the first time Nigeria was experimenting with the presidential system of government comprising the executive and the legislature as separate and autonomous bodies. Although the President wields the same powers as the prime minister in the parliamentary system, he has no control over and he is not part of parliament.

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In the presidential system, the country was divided into constituencies and senatorial districts, which produced the parliamentarians whilst the President was elected by the people through direct ballot. And this has been one of the major reasons against the presidential system as it is said to be over bloated and too expensive to sustain.

Presently, and even with the separation from the executive, parliamentarians in Nigeria have no mind of their own other than to do the bidding of the executive. Requests from the executive to the parliament are not properly scrutinized before blanket approval is granted, candidates nominated for confirmation of the parliament scale through parliamentary screening as a matter of course and the legislature is more of an extension of the executive.

What would then happen were the prime minister to be a member of parliament in Nigeria together with his cabinet members? It will only be a matter of garbage in garbage out and the people will be the worse for it. In the other jurisdictions where parliamentary democracy is practiced, the prime minister labours to convince parliamentarians on certain policy issues and it does not take time for a vote of no confidence to be passed in deserving cases. That can never happen in Nigeria, where the parliament is busy padding the budget to take care of the pecuniary interests of its members. In fact, the parliament would most likely not sit on most occasions, preferring rather to announce wild approvals for executive policies without debate.

Ideally, the parliament should be a check on the executive, performing oversight functions over government ministries, departments and agencies. The parliament should ensure the implementation of the appropriation law to ensure compliance and to avoid corruption and waste. Where the parliament is up and doing in the discharge of its constitutional duties, the executive is tamed and assisted to perform maximally, under the doctrine of checks and balances.

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In the case where the parliament is truly independent and autonomous, dictatorial policies and actions are curtailed, corruption is easily exposed and tackled and the people will feel the positive impact of the government. I honestly do not think that Nigeria has advanced to such a state where the leader of the ruling party (prime minister) is made to sit together in the same chamber with parliamentarians and his ministers.

The influence will be overbearing and overwhelming to the great disadvantage of the people. If part of the agitation for a return to the parliamentary system of government is to save cost, we then need to choose between money and progress. We have had enough of the presidential system to gather the experience needed to stabilize that option, whereas we have only had one parliamentary experience.

We can build on these experiences to define our own brand of democracy than to go back to the parliamentary system. In any case, we will still have the same Independent National Electoral Commission, we will still have the same Election Tribunals and indeed the same Nigeria Police Force.

The challenge to me is to build on our institutions to insulate them from political interference and to have them manned by persons who are strong enough to stave off such unwarranted incursions. The other point is that the parliamentary system of government is more like a unitary affair which cannot suit the case of Nigeria with all its multi ethnic and multi religious entities. Let us retain the presidential and improve on it.

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ADIEU, HERBERT

I met this young man through his father, Pastor Shyngle Wigwe, at the headquarters of the Redeemed Christian Church of God in Ebute-Metta, Lagos. He was very committed in his devotion and stood out amongst the rest, given his imposing stature. Later on when I had occasion to sit with him and his wife as a panelist during a couples’ seminar, I got to know him as the father of Herbert.

Many years thereafter, I got a phone call from one of my mentors in the legal profession to quickly join him in Ikoyi. I raced down there. It turned out to be a legal assignment involving Herbert. When I eventually met him, he was very cool, calm and relaxed.

It turned out that he was then the one preaching to me on the need for patience and cooperation with the system. While waiting for the interview, I had cause to engage him on many issues, from politics to the economy, to his faith in God and even legal matters. Herbert was very knowledgeable, courageous and daring indeed. But he was also very gentle, firm and humble.

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After explaining the legal issues involved in the matter at hand to him, he then dropped a bombshell when he stated emphatically that he was going to enroll to study law. I asked him how? With all his crowded schedules and the busy routine of steering the ship of the big Access Bank. He would read every sent to him and respond when necessary.

Always ready to assist, Herbert would link you up with anyone so long as it would add value to you. When I got to know that he had actually enrolled for the law course, I sent him a message asking why he would not seek permission from senior lawyers before crossing from banking to law.

Later on, it was time for us to travel together. Herbert greeted the pilot familiarly and warmly, joking with the hostesses as we climbed the plane to take our seats. He was very disciplined with his diet, taking tiny little bits of specially prepared nutritious diet but skillfully passing the mendemendes (we call them junks) to me. What is my own! I guzzled everything and washed them down.

After our engagement, he then took me to his house, asking me to sit in the inner chamber. I just stood on my feet, wondering how he expected me to sit in his private chamber as a first-time visitor to his house. When he got back from where he had gone to instruct his aides to prepare food for me and noticed that I was still standing up, he queried me thus: are you not my lawyer, who is supposed to know all my secrets?

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He just left me there dazed and went about his meetings. I then looked at myself, this village boy, in this mansion with one of the biggest bankers in town! I collapsed my little frame on the sofa and began to devour the rich diet placed before me. I even slept off when the air conditioner had done its work on me.

Back in Lagos, he took me straight to his office and asked me to sit down and feel at home. How? In this big palace? Herbert was very jovial, down to earth and unassuming. He touched everyone that crossed his path. No doubt Nigeria has lost a gem but I still believe that the owners of the Chopper can be brought to book. Rest in power, man of God and man of the people.

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Tension as ISIS releases video of top military grade weapons captured in Niger

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A video allegedly released by the Islamic State, ISIS, following an attack on a Nigerien military base in Inates has surfaced online, allegedly showing a cache of military-grade weapons seized during the raid.

In a sighted video which has circulated on social media, appears to show heavy weapons, including artillery rockets, machine guns and anti-aircraft guns, reportedly captured from the military installation.

The footage was shared on Sunday by Bakatsine, a journalist known for reporting on conflict and insecurity in Nigeria’s North-West region.

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The authenticity of the video and the exact quantity of weapons displayed have not been independently verified.

Bakatsine said that the development has raised fresh concerns over the growing capabilities of terrorist groups operating across the Sahel, where jihadist organisations have intensified attacks against military targets in recent years.

Security analysts have repeatedly warned that weapons captured during such attacks can significantly strengthen insurgent groups and fuel further instability across the region.

According to the report, although there is no evidence that the weapons shown in the video have been moved into Nigeria, experts have long warned that the porous border between Niger and northern Nigeria allows the movement of fighters, weapons and logistics.

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Bakatsine warned that terrorist groups operating across the Sahel and the Lake Chad Basin are also known to maintain operational and logistical links, increasing concerns about the potential regional impact of such seizures.

The attack on the Inates military base underscores the persistent security challenges facing countries in the Sahel, including Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso, where extremist groups continue to target military installations.

The incident has renewed calls for stronger intelligence gathering, improved border security and closer regional cooperation to prevent terrorist groups from acquiring additional military hardware.

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Xenophobia: FG processing new flight to evacuate Nigerians in S’Africa before June 30 deadline

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The Federal Government is finalising an arrangement to airlift another batch of stranded Nigerians in South Africa, The Nation has learnt.

Already, over 300 Nigerians have been evacuated in two different flights. One conveying 268 by the Federal Government and another private arrangement conveying 66.

The anti-immigration vigilante groups have set a June 30 2026 deadline demanding undocumented foreign nationals, especially blacks, to leave South Africa.

The threat has sparked widespread fear of xenophobic unrest, leading several African nations to evacuate thousands of their citizens. Though South African authorities have heavily condemned the vigilante threats and deployed the police and military to tighten security nationwide.

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Sources in the Presidency, said the government is processing more flights as the June 30 2026 deadline for undocumented foreigners to leave South Africa draws closer.

The sources also distanced the Federal government from scheduled flight arrangements in the public domain.

According to one of the sources, the Federal Government has made a request for another flight and the financial aspect is being worked out.

The source revealed that the initial plan was to evacuate around 300 people and that was sorted out with the airline.

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The additional names on the list were people who showed interest at a later date.

The source noted that initially, only very few people indicated interest and that formed the basis for the initial arrangement leading to the evacuation of 286.

The sources also noted that the last batch of about 90 nationals that were evacuated was done by a private intervention and were mainly vulnerable- women and children.

They, however, said with the surge on the list now, the government has to do proper profiling before making a request.

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The source also stressed that it was not an issue of funding but of processes.

The sources also disclosed that the process involved those who are readily prepared to return and the need to also prepare necessary documents.

Confirming government efforts at evacuating another batch, the spokesperson, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Kimiebi Imomotimi Ebienfa said the government is up and doing to ensure that those wishing to leave are evacuated.

He revealed that “more flights are currently processed.”

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He also promised to provide updates as the process goes on.

Meanwhile, anxiety and frustration have enveloped Nigerians awaiting evacuation from South Africa, as the deadline draws near.

Over one thousand Nigerians are still awaiting evacuation.

However, as the deadline draws near, many more Nigerians are seeking to leave the late Nelson Mandela’s country.

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The President of Nigerian Citizens Association South Africa (NICASA), Rev. Frank Onyekwelu called for speedy action.

He said, “As you may know, the first flight that evacuated people took about 268 people and Wednesday another 66 people left through an arranged flight from a private person from Nigeria. And so, we still have over 1,000 names remaining which we’re hoping that the other four flights as being approved by the government of Nigeria will be able to airlift them.”

Speaking on the conditions of the people awaiting evacuation, Onyekwelu said it is not looking too good, especially as they have been displaced.

He explained that frustration has started setting in. He added: “So far, we might have about a thousand people remaining. It’s not sounding well. Some of them are really frustrated. Some of them are managing wherever they found themselves as you may know that many of them came from far provinces and they are not living in Johannesburg here.

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“So, currently, some of them are dispatched, hanging around in various places. Some in churches, in some community halls, and the weather is not favourable. “As you may know, we are in our winter season here in South Africa. So, it’s very cold and women and children being exposed to the cold weather, it’s a risk to their health. It’s also a risk to their general well-being.

“So, the economic challenges- some of them don’t have money to buy food or buy hygiene products to continue to manage and wait. It’s been two weeks now since the cancellation on the 15th of January.”

He disclosed that support is coming from the Nigerian community.

He however pleaded with the government to hasten the process.

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“The community is supporting where they can, buying groceries, buying food, and some personal hygiene products just to show them love and support.

We continue to plead with our government and appeal that they will fast-track the process and whatever that is causing the technical delay so that these people will be airlifted and they will find their way back home where they can at least relax and have some peaceful sleep. So, the condition is not conducive for them.

“Many of them are squatting like you see like 10-15 people in one room or in one hall, you know, struggling to manage themselves and hold on until when they will get a confirmed date for evacuation. That is the current situation of our people.”

He also disclosed that in collaboration with the country’s mission in South Africa, the NICASA had engaged some security personnel to help pass information around.

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He said: “Regarding the 30th June deadline, we have been working hand in hand with our consulates and missions. “We have issued a secular- public notice to engage our people for them to apply caution in movements, protect themselves first of all, and safeguard their businesses or properties. “We’ve engaged with some security personnel that will also help in passing information across to us or from us to the government in terms of if there is any security situation or incident, anyone of our national having any situation, they will quickly alert us while we will alert the government.”

He also said Nigerians have been advised to shut their businesses on the set date.

“Above all, we encourage people, especially on that 30th if it’s possible for them to close their shops, close their businesses, take out their valuables from their businesses just to avoid looting and they stay indoors, have enough air time and data in their phones, stay in touch with their families and loved ones and expect communications from our approved channels so that we can always hear their cry. If anything is happening where they are, they can easily reach out to somebody that will reach out to somebody. “So far, we also encourage them to be law abiding, not to engage if there are protests on that day, if there are South Africans marching around, they shouldn’t confront them, they should not engage them or, you know, block their ways.

“Even those that will be driving or have a need to move around at all, should avoid the hotspot areas and the strategic corners that might put their life in danger. And as much as it can, avoid travelling that day, whether within the province or outside the province. As we know that this protest might be happening all over South Africa on that same day, even though we are receiving some reports or intelligence information that they are planning to even start earlier than the 30th, maybe around the 28th or 29th to start, you know, looting or attacking foreigners.

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“But we are on great alert and applying caution as we manage the situation so far,” he added.

The Nation

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Lady attempts Guinness Record with 144-Hour Bible reading in Port Harcourt

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A Nigerian woman, Habibat Salawudeen Ihiovi-Jack may set a new Guinness World Record for the longest marathon Bible reading, targeting 144 hours of uninterrupted reading in Port Harcourt, Rivers State.

The record attempt, branded “144 Hours in the Word,” began on June 22 at Novotel, Port Harcourt, and is expected to end on July 2 in accordance with Guinness World Records guidelines.

As at Sunday morning, Habibat had crossed over 100-hour mark, moving into the final stage of the challenge.

Videos shared online showed her reading aloud from a lectern and at a desk, with digital timers logging her time as family, friends, and church members supported her on-site.

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According to organisers, the attempt follows official GWR rules, which require participants to read aloud continuously and permit only short breaks for essential needs.

Habibat, a member of The Summit Bible Church in Port Harcourt, said the challenge is a faith-led initiative aimed at inspiring deeper engagement with Scripture.

The marathon has drawn attention on social media and adds to Nigeria’s recent run of endurance record attempts.

It comes after Guinness World Records recognised Samson Ajao of Ibadan in 2024 for the longest marathon reading aloud, following his 215-hour effort that broke the previous 124-hour record set by Kyrgyzstan’s Rysbai Isakov in 2022.

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