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Why does Ramadan start at different times in different places?
Ramadan, the holiest month of the Muslim calendar, starts on Monday in some countries but on Tuesday in others. How is that possible?
The exact timings depend on when local Islamic authorities around the world declare the sighting of the new moon, the astronomical event that marks the start of the observance.
Here’s why there’s so much variation from place to place.
The basics
Islamic countries, and Muslims around the world, use the traditional Hijri calendar to mark religious events. Each month of that calendar begins with the sighting of the early crescent moon, and the holy month of Ramadan begins at the start of the ninth month.
These customs go back centuries. But the exact start time of Ramadan varies from place to place because it depends on a range of factors, including who observes the moon and how, and whether the sky is clear or cloudy at the time.
That explains why Saudi Arabia declared that Ramadan would start on Monday after reporting a sighting of the crescent moon on Sunday, but also why neighboring Oman reported the same day that the moon was not yet visible. As a result, the two countries will begin their Ramadan celebrations about 24 hours apart. The authorities in Iran, like Oman, have also declared Tuesday to be the official start of the holy month.
In Southeast Asia, Islamic authorities in several countries said over the weekend that they, too, would observe Ramadan from Tuesday, not Monday, after unsuccessful moon sightings. That gave millions of people across the region, including in Indonesia, the nation with the world’s largest Muslim population, an extra day to prepare.
‘A challenging mission’
Astronomers have argued for centuries about what constitutes a crescent moon sighting, according to a recent study in the journal Scientific Reports, which explored how artificial intelligence and machine learning could help predict the moon’s visibility.
New technologies make moon readings more accurate, but they can also make the process more complex, the study said. For instance, does it count as an official sighting if a new crescent moon can be seen by an optical aid but not by the naked eye?
“Deciding on the start of Ramadan has always been a challenging mission, and, as a result, not all Muslims start Ramadan synchronously,” the study’s authors wrote.
In Islamic countries, national guidance helps ensure that Muslims are on the same Ramadan timetable. In other places, the timing can depend on which religious guidance residents follow. This year, for example, the Fiqh Council of North America chose Monday, while the Council of Shia Muslim Scholars of North America chose Tuesday.
Other variables
It isn’t just the start date of Ramadan that varies from place to place. The exact amount of time that people hold their dawn-to-dusk fasts depends on which year it is, and where they live in relation to the Equator.
Because the Hijri calendar is about 11 days shorter than the 365-day-ish Gregorian calendar, the month of Ramadan moves around every year in Gregorian terms. That means the fasting day in the Northern Hemisphere will get shorter between now and 2031, when Ramadan coincides with the winter solstice, Al Jazeera reported. In the Southern Hemisphere, it will grow incrementally longer over the same period.
As for location, latitude matters because it determines the timing of local sunrise and sunset. Muslims who live close to the Equator, where the length of a day changes less from season to season, can expect a relatively consistent fasting schedule each year. For those living at extreme northern or southern latitudes, there is a lot more variation.
That helps explain why, in some parts of Scandinavia, Muslims observe Ramadan fasts based on the time in Mecca, thousands of miles away. If they didn’t, depending on when the holiday fell in a given year, they would either be fasting for most of the day, or barely at all.
News
Bandits attack Katsina LG chair, kill police escort
Suspected bandits attacked the residence of the Chairman of the Malumfashi Local Government Area of Katsina State, Maharazu Dayi, on Tuesday evening, killing a police officer.
The hoodlums shot the officer, identified as Shamsudeen Lawal, who was later confirmed dead at the nearby hospital where he was taken for medical treatment.
Speaking to our correspondent, the state Police Public Relations Officer, Abubakar Sadiq, said Lawal was shot and rushed to the hospital where he was confirmed dead.
“Yes the incident happened yesterday [Tuesday] but our men were mobilised to the scene as the officer was rushed to the hospital where he was confirmed dead.
“We arrested three suspects in connection with the attack and further development will be communicated to you as the investigation is ongoing,” he said.
As of the time of filing this report, it was not clear if there were injured victims, but The PUNCH gathered that security operatives thwarted attempts by the bandits to break into the residence.
An eyewitness who spoke on condition of anonymity said the chairman and his family were in the house at the time of the attack.
News
Cyberstalking: Court decides Sowore’s bail today
The Federal High Court in Abuja, on Wednesday, adjourned to Thursday for its ruling on the bail application filed by a former presidential candidate and activist, Omoyele Sowore, who is facing 17 counts of cybercrime charges.
Until the court rules on the bail application, Sowore will remain in police custody.
Justice Musa Liman decided after hearing arguments from Sowore’s counsel, Marshal Abubakar, and the prosecution counsel for the Nigerian Police Force, Udey Jonathan.
Sowore had pleaded not guilty to all 17 counts when it was read to him earlier in the day.
In the charge, the activist was accused of using his verified X handle account, ‘Omoyele Sowore,’ to post a tweet against the Inspector General of Police, calling him “illegal IGP Kayode Egbetokun.”
The police alleged that the statement was false and intended to incite a breakdown of law and order.
Justice Liman, who had initially stood down the matter in the morning, scheduled the bail application ruling for 3 pm.
At the resumed hearing, Sowore’s counsel, Abubakar, prayed to the court to grant the defendant bail in the most liberal terms.
“We have a motion on notice filed today, January 29, 2025,” Abubakar stated.
“I ask you, my noble lord, to release the applicant on bail in the most liberal terms possible, pending the hearing and determination of the trial.
“The applicant has also filed a 16-paragraph affidavit deposed to by Sunday Agabi, and we rely on the arguments within. We urge your lordship to grant our application,” he added.
Abubakar further argued that the court had a duty to grant bail at its discretion, regardless of the strength of the opposing arguments of the complainant.
The prosecution counsel, Udey Jonathan, opposed the application, urging the court to deny Sowore bail.
“My lord, a counter-affidavit deposed by one Friday Ameh, a police intelligence officer, has been filed against the bail application,” Udey said.
“We seek reliance on all paragraphs of our counter-affidavit and have filed a written address in support, dated January 29, 2025.
“We adopt the written address as our oral submission against the bail application and urge the honourable court to dismiss it,” he added.
The prosecution counsel further stated that “Bail cannot be handed out like candies; it should not be granted in vacuo. While bail is at the court’s discretion, it is not a state of grace.
“If the court decides to grant bail, it should impose stringent terms to ensure the defendant’s appearance for trial, including the submission of his international passport.”
After hearing arguments from both sides, Justice Liman adjourned the matter to 1 pm on Thursday for the ruling.
News
Gani Adams fumes as Sultan backs Sharia courts in S’West
The Sultan of Sokoto-led Nigerian Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs has thrown its weight behind the push to establish Sharia courts in South-West states.
In a statement on Wednesday titled, “Live and Let Live!” signed by its Deputy National Legal Adviser, Haroun Muhammed, the NSCIA decried what it described as the “high spate of intolerance and disregard for the rights of Muslims, especially in the Southern part of the country.”
The council argued that contrary to the assertion of South-West governors, Sharia courts are backed by the Nigerian Constitution.
The intervention by the NSCIA comes on the back of festering controversies over the creation of Sharia courts or panels in South-West State.
On Tuesday, the Governor of Ogun State, Dapo Abiodun, issued a stern statement rejecting the formation of a Sharia Court in his state.
Abiodun said Sharia courts are not recognised in Ogun State’s legal framework and Nigeria’s constitution and warned the brains behind the Sharia court to halt the formation.
Abiodun’s statement came about a week after his counterpart in Ekiti State, Biodun Oyebanji, kicked against the establishment of a Sharia panel in Ekiti.
Earlier in December last year, an announcement by the Supreme Council for Shari’ah in Nigeria to inaugurate a Sharia court in the Oyo town of Oyo State generated controversy, leading to its indefinite suspension.
Addressing the issue, the Governor of Oyo State, Seyi Makinde, said, “About the establishment of Sharia court in Oyo town, people may try, but for us, I swore to uphold our laws and the Constitution of Nigeria.”
However, the Sultan-led NSCIA, on Wednesday, called on governors and traditional rulers in the South-West to protect and preserve the constitutional rights of Muslims in their respective domains.
The NSCIA described as “unnecessary and unwarranted” the resistance to the establishment of Shariah panel in the South-West, noting that the Sharia Arbitration Panel was a voluntary platform designed solely for the resolution of civil and marital disputes among consenting Muslims.
Muhammed said, “The NSCIA strongly supports the establishment of Independent Shariah Arbitration Panel in Ekiti and Oyo States for the purpose so intended, especially where the Muslims in the states have been denied their constitutional right to a Shariah Court of Appeal in all the states of southwestern Nigeria.
“The council cannot find any legal justification for the unnecessary alarm and unwarranted resistance. All the states in the North have Shariah Courts and some, in addition, have Customary Courts.
“The most recent of this is the development emanating from Ekiti state where the effort of the Muslim community to set up an Independent Shariah (Arbitration) Panel was met with unwarranted resistance and objections from both political and traditional quarters.
“This is coming barely a few weeks after the announcement of the inauguration of a Shariah panel in Oyo State generated unnecessary anxiety thereby leading to its indefinite postponement.
“This and other cases, such as the denial of the rights of female students to wear the Hijab despite a Supreme Court judgment, are nothing but calculated attempts to prevent Muslims in the region from practising their faith.”
The council maintained that the setting up of the panel was legitimate, mentioning that the Arbitration and the Shariah Court of Appeal, just like the Customary Court of Appeal (which all of them have) are provided for in the 1999 Constitution (as amended) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (see section 275), “confirming the legality of both initiatives. “
“The Independent Arbitration Panel, which is a voluntary platform designed solely for the resolution of civil and marital disputes among consenting Muslims was to fill the inexplicable vacuum created by the failure of the political elite in South-Western Nigeria to establish Shariah Courts, as allowed by the Nigerian Constitution, in South-Western States, despite the huge population of Muslims in the region,” the statement further read.
The NSCIA advised against acts of intolerance for Muslims in the South-West, such as the opposition to the inauguration of a Sharia panel in Oyo and Ekiti States, and the denial of the rights of female students to wear the Hijab despite a Supreme Court judgment.
“The Nigerian Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs under the
leadership of its President-General and Sultan of Sokoto, His Eminence, Alhaji Muhammad Sa’ad Abubakar, CFR, is particularly disturbed about the high spate of intolerance and disregard for the rights of Muslims, especially in the southern part of the country.
“The council calls on the governors and traditional authorities in the southern part of the country, particularly the South-West, to ensure that the constitutional rights of Muslims in their respective domains are preserved and protected. While others are allowed to live, Muslims should also be let live,” the statement read.
‘Sharia Court not new in Ogun’
Meanwhile, the spokesman for the Sharia Arbitration Committee in Ogun State, Mallam Yusuf Oloyede, has clarified that the panel was inaugurated in 2018 and had been sitting at the Egba Central Mosque, Kobiti, Abeokuta, to handle disputes among Muslims.
Oloyede made this disclosure in an interview with The PUNCH on Wednesday, following public reactions to a flier circulating on social media announcing the inauguration of the committee.
According to him, the flier created a false impression that the panel was newly established, whereas it had been operating for over six years.
Oloyede emphasised that the committee does not function as a court but serves as an arbitration panel for Muslims who voluntarily seek resolution of their disputes in line with Qur’anic and Hadith principles.
“What we have is not a court per se but an arbitration committee that has been in existence since 2018. It is for arbitration of issues for Muslims who want such issues heard and resolved according to the Quran and Hadith,” he stated.
He further explained that the panel comprises jurists drawn from different regions of the state, including Yewa, Ijebu, Egba, and Remo, and holds its sittings at Egba Central Mosque.
On whether the committee would discontinue its sessions or review its operations following the Ogun State Government’s recent warning, Oloyede said the matter would be deliberated upon internally.
“We wouldn’t know how the state government’s statement is applicable to us because we are not running a court but an arbitration committee,” he said.
He added that the panel would meet soon to discuss the latest developments and determine the next course of action.
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