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FOREX code, Cardoso’s approach to stabilizing the naira

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By Dr. Ibrahim Modibbo

Within hours after the launch of foreign exchange code by the Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), Olayemi Cardoso, on January 28, 2025, in Abuja, the positives from this move by the apex bank emerged as the naira appreciated against the US dollar. Following the launch of the FX code on Tuesday, the naira appreciated by 0.97 percent, gaining N16 against the dollar in the parallel market, by trading at an average rate of N1, 634 compared to N1, 650 it traded on Monday. In the official window, data from the CBN revealed that the naira was quoted at N1, 533.50 to the dollar at the Nigerian Foreign Exchange Market (NFEM).

Cardoso’s newly introduced FX code is aimed at improving market liquidity, enhancing transparency, and providing guidance for all those participating in the country’s foreign exchange sector. The code represents a set of principles that are not only encouraged, but accepted as best practices in the global foreign exchange market. The CBN as the regulator of Nigeria’s turbulent forex market drafted the FX code to address risks associated with the emerging financial landscape in the nation, while also strengthening the integrity and functionality of the foreign exchange market.

The CBN in developing the FX code is responding to Nigeria’s financial transformation in recent years and the attendant risks associated with such a growth, in spite of significant progress recorded. The code seeks to establish standards that ensure the efficient functioning of the wholesale FX market, further reinforcing the country’s flexible exchange rate system. It will further promote a robust market that’s characterised by fairness, openness, and adequate transparency, enabling a diverse group of participants to engage effectively at competitive rates that reflect accurate market information. It outlines behavioral standards and best practices that align with global expectations.
Addressing industry players at the launch and alluding to the deep insights and interactions with them, Cardoso said that the acceptance of the FX code reflects the collective vision of everyone for a foreign exchange market built on integrity, fairness, transparency and efficiency, based on its critical nature for Nigeria’s economic growth and stability.

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Making reference to the words of the late Nelson Mandela, on the need for leaders to be great listeners, the CBN governor admitted that the apex bank through its interactions with industry players, better understands the perspectives, concerns, and recommendations they expressed. He said the ideas shared reaffirmed the collective commitment to shaping a more resilient and transparent FX market.

He declared that the FX code represents a decisive step forward by the CBN, to set a clear and enforceable standards for ethical conduct, transparency, and good governance in Nigeria’s foreign exchange market. The code, Cardoso added is a firm signal that business-as-usual in the forex market has ended because the code is a blueprint for the future, that is grounded in the hard lessons of the past.

“We must not forget where we are coming from. The era of multiple exchange rates, which created privileges for a select few at the expense of most Nigerians, severely undermined market integrity. As an example, the $7billion of FX backlogs that has taken over 12 months to verify has led to the discovery of multiple unethical and even illegal practices that we should not be proud of as a nation,” he disclosed.

The CBN governor further stated that the period of unprecedented ways-and-means-financing that inflicted significant damage on Nigeria’s economy, contributing to rising inflation, currency depreciation, and eroded public confidence in government’s ability to deal with adverse economic issues is over.

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“These practices must never return. The FX Code is a firm rejection of such distortions and an equally firm commitment to a future defined by fairness, trust and market-driven principles. Let us be clear: the system itself played a key role in the challenges of the past.

“Unethical behaviours and systemic abuses – whether by those with privileged access or by complicit participants – eroded public trust and harmed our economy. We will not tolerate any attempts to revert to those practices. Any individual or institution that violates the FX Code will face swift and decisive sanctions,” Cardoso warned.

Predicting the future, he expressed confidence that the nation’s journey towards market reforms is already yielding positive results. According to him, 2024 was marked by structural reforms which sought to return the naira to a freely determined market price and ease volatility.

Such reforms include the discontinuation of quasi-fiscal interventions, unifying the exchange rate windows, clearing a backlog of foreign exchange commitments, and recalibrating monetary policy tools to redirect the course of Nigeria’s economy, restore order and credibility to our FX market, and refocus the CBN on discharging its core mandates.

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Cardoso used the opportunity of the FX code to reel out some notable achievements of his stewardship, pointing to the introduction of the Electronic Foreign Exchange Matching System (EFEMS) in December 2024 that has improved market transparency and efficiency. Since its launch, the naira has appreciated significantly—from ₦1, 663.90 on December 2,
2024, to ₦1, 536.72 as of January 28, 2025. Also worthy of mention is the country’s external reserves that have grown by 12.74 percent, reaching $40.68 billion at the end of 2024.

He emphasized the importance of exchange rate stability, describing it as the cornerstone of macro-economic health for an economy like Nigeria’s. The apex bank governor said that beyond daily market rates, the exchange rate influences critical indicators such as the balance of payments, external reserves, international trade, inflation, economic growth, and foreign investment. These factors collectively, he submitted shape the economic welfare of the nation and that of Nigerians.

To Cardoso, tackling rising inflation remains a major challenge of the CBN under his watch, as in his view, rising prices erode the purchasing power of Nigerians and increases the cost of living. However, he believes strongly too that by fostering an exchange rate stability, the problem of inflation can be tackled head-on.

The FX code, the CBN chief asserted marks a new era of compliance and accountability. The code, he declared is not just a set of recommendations, but an enforceable framework, warning industry players that under the CBN Act, 2007 and BOFIA Act, 2020, violations will be met with penalties and administrative actions. He told stakeholders who attended the launch that they must recognize that adherence to the code is not merely about compliance but about restoring public trust in Nigeria’s financial system.

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“Beyond the foreign exchange market, the FX code forms part of our renewed focus on compliance across the financial services industry and I am particularly pleased that we have the leadership of the industry to reinforce a collective commitment to the journey ahead. Self-regulation and conduct are at the core of the changes in culture we expect to see at play in the industry, and I expect the principles of the FX code to be applied across other business areas.

“The FX code is built on six core principles—ethics, governance, execution, information sharing, risk management and compliance, and confirmation and settlement processes. These principles align with international standards, while addressing Nigeria’s unique challenges. Together, they provide the foundation for a resilient and transparent market that inspires confidence among both domestic and international participants.

“Today, as we formally launch the FX code, I call on all market participants to embrace its principles wholeheartedly. The six guiding principles and 52 sub-principles must become the standard for conduct across all participating institutions. Leaders in this room – board chairs, managing directors, and chief compliance officers – must lead from the front. Embedding these standards within your organizations is not optional,” Cardosa stated.

He reiterated that the eras of opaque practices is over because the CBN will not hesitate to deal with any institution or individual that undermines the integrity of the financial markets. The code, he added, serves as a collective pledge to transparency, ethical conduct, and fairness in the forex market, and that most importantly, through strict adherence to thev code, Nigeria can build a financial ecosystem that embodies resilience, global competitiveness, and economic prosperity.

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Dr Modibbo is an Abuja based Development communication analyst.

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PenCom disburses N577bn to retiree, contributors

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The National Pension Commission (PenCom) said it has paid out over N577.26 billion to retirees and pension contributors, following the Federal Government’s unprecedented intervention to clear long-standing pension liabilities.

The Director-General of PenCom, Ms. Omolola Oloworaran, made the disclosure while addressing journalists at the “2025 Pension Revolution Summit – A 365 Days Scorecard,” where she presented an account of reforms, payouts and structural changes recorded by the Commission over the past year.

Oloworaran said the Federal Government approved and released N758 billion to settle outstanding pension liabilities, describing the development as one of the most historic milestones in the pension industry.

According to her, the funds were realised through the bond market and deployed to address pension increases, accrued rights and other legacy obligations.

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“The National Pension Commission has paid out N362,742,954,000 to about 194,000 retirees from the N758 billion realised,” she said. “The major tranche of this was N387 billion for pension increases. Out of this amount, we have paid N362,742,954,000, leaving a balance of about N24.7 billion, which we are processing.”

She explained that the disbursement had a significant impact across the public sector, with a notable portion paid to security personnel. A director of the Commission added that “out of the N362 billion paid out, 32 per cent, amounting to N132 billion, was paid to the Nigeria Police.”

Oloworaran further disclosed that the Commission has commenced payments under the minimum pension guarantee framework, describing it as the Federal Government’s contribution toward protecting retirees on the lower end of the income scale.

“We are coming out with the minimum pension guarantee. This is just a share of the Federal Government in paying the subvention for the minimum pension guarantee, and this is also being disbursed,” she said.

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She added that PenCom has also remitted N107 billion to cover the Federal Government’s outstanding 2.5 per cent pension contributions for a five-year period, after noting that the government did not make those contributions between 2017 and 2021.

“This went directly to the addresses of 750,223 individual retirement savings accounts,” Oloworaran said, adding that payments to professors under approved pension enhancements were also ongoing in batches.

According to her, the cumulative effect of all the disbursements shows that a total of N577,264,960,890.43 has been credited directly to the accounts of pension retirees and contributors, impacting more than 1.05 million retirement savings accounts nationwide.

Speaking on the significance of the intervention, Oloworaran said the Presidential approval and release of N758 billion sent a strong message about the country’s commitment to its workforce. “This unprecedented intervention set a clear and powerful signal that Nigeria honours its promises to its workers and retirees. We have the talk and we do the precedent,” she said.

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She also said PenCom introduced Pension Post 1.0 earlier in the year to improve benefit adequacy, noting that the initiative has already added N2.6 billion to monthly pension payments for retirees under the Contributory Pension Scheme since June.

“These are not just numbers,” she said. “They are meals on tables, medicine bought, debts settled, and dignity preserved.”

On technology-driven reforms, Oloworaran said the Commission has automated several previously manual processes, including pension payroll certification. “The process is now automated, and there is a significant upgrade coming,” she said, adding that benefit processing and contribution maintenance platforms have also been upgraded through a system known as COBRA, which she said is now live and operational.

She disclosed that PenCom inaugurated the Board of Trustees of the Pension Healthcare Initiative, known as PENCARE, describing it as a landmark intervention to provide affordable and accessible healthcare for low-income retirees.

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“Retirement should be a season of peace, not a period defined by anxiety over medical bills,” she said, thanking industry stakeholders for supporting the initiative.

Oloworaran also announced the establishment of the Pension Industry Leadership Council, a platform designed to foster collaboration, accountability and innovation across the sector.

She said another major reform was the restructuring of the micro-pension plan into the Personal Pension Plan, aimed at expanding coverage among informal sector workers such as artisans, traders, gig workers and creatives.

“Under the Personal Pension Plan, onboarding is completely simplified. I believe you only need your name and a verifiable identity to onboard,” she said.

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She disclosed that PenCom has expanded digital enrolment and introduced accredited pension agents, adding that approval in principle has already been granted to one agent Awabah, with another in progress. According to her, the initiative is also designed to create employment opportunities for young Nigerians.

“Accredited pension agents are not merely a distribution channel. They are also an employment strategy,” Oloworaran said.

On regulation, she said the Commission deliberately raised capital requirements for pension operators to strengthen the industry. “This was not punitive. It was purposeful. Stronger capital means stronger institutions,” she said.

She added that governance rules were also tightened to eliminate shadow directorships. “Pensions cannot be managed from the shadows. Transparency, accountability, and fit-and-proper leadership are not negotiable,” she said.

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Oloworaran said a compliance circular issued in the second quarter of the year, which linked pension clearance certificates to participation in pension-related transactions, has already changed behaviour across the system.

“If you don’t have a pension clearance certificate, you can’t do business with PFAs, custodians or even transact with the largest banks,” she said.

According to her, pension recoveries rose sharply following the directive. “From January to November this year, total pension recoveries reached N4.04 billion, compared to N1.44 billion for the whole of 2024. That is an increase of about 180 per cent,” she said, adding that N2.06 billion was recovered in the third quarter of 2025 alone.

She said the surge in recoveries and clearance certificate issuance shows that compliance improves when enforcement carries real economic consequences. “This clearly demonstrates that when compliance is tied to real consequences, behaviour changes,” Oloworaran said.

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US adds Nigeria to list of countries facing partial travel restrictions

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The United States has added Nigeria to a list of countries facing partial travel restrictions, citing “security and documentation” concerns.

The White House announced the presidential proclamation on Tuesday, updating its list of countries facing full and partial travel restrictions.

Nigeria was among 15 mostly African countries, including Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Dominica, Gabon, and The Gambia, slammed with a partial travel suspension.

Others listed are Malawi, Mauritania, Senegal, Tanzania, Tonga, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

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“Radical Islamic terrorist groups such as Boko Haram and the Islamic State operate freely in certain parts of Nigeria, which creates substantial screening and vetting difficulties,” the White House said, justifying Nigeria’s addition to the list.

“According to the Overstay Report, Nigeria had a B-1/B-2 visa overstay rate of 5.56 percent and an F, M, and J visa overstay rate of 11.90 percent.”

Turkmenistan, which was previously on the list, was removed owing to a demonstration of “significant progress in improving its identity management and information-sharing procedures”.

The Sahelian states of Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger are among five countries newly placed under full restrictions and entry limitations.

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The White House cited operations of “terrorist organizations” in the countries as the reason for making the cut.

The other two additions were South Sudan and Syria.

Full travel restrictions on nationals from Afghanistan, Burma, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Haiti, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, and Yemen remain in effect.

Laos and Sierra Leone, previously under partial restrictions, have now been placed under full restrictions.

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“It is the President’s duty to take action to ensure that those seeking to enter our country will not harm the American people,” the White House said.

The proclamation added that the restrictions are necessary to prevent the entry of foreign nationals about whom the US lacks sufficient information to assess the risks they pose, enforce immigration laws, and counterterrorism objectives.

In June, President Donald Trump signed an executive order imposing a full travel ban on nationals of 12 countries.

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Trump also placed heightened restrictions on people from seven countries.

The US government asked the affected countries to meet certain requirements within 60 days.

At the time, Nigeria was not included on either of the lists.

However, concerns began to rise after allegations of a Christian genocide peddled by US lawmakers and secessionist groups began to gain momentum.

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In October, Trump announced his decision to officially redesignate Nigeria a ‘country of particular concern’ (CPC).

He blamed radical Islamists for the “mass slaughter”.

On Monday, Riley Moore, US congressman, said Nigeria and the US were close to reaching an agreement on a “strategic security framework” aimed at tackling terrorism in the West African nation.

Moore introduced a resolution in the US house of representatives last month “condemning the ongoing persecution of Christians in Nigeria and supporting Trump’s move to redesignate Nigeria a CPC.”

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The US congressman spoke of the security cooperation after visiting Nuhu Ribadu, national security adviser (NSA), during a “fact-finding mission” to Nigeria.

Amid the row, the US announced new visa restrictions earlier this month targeting Nigerians accused of undermining religious freedom.

Marco Rubio, secretary of state, said the restrictions will affect those who “knowingly direct, authorize, fund, support, or carry out violations of religious freedom”.

He said the visa policy applies to Nigeria and other governments or individuals that persecute people for their religious beliefs.

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This is not the first visa standoff between both countries in 2025.

In July, the US embassy announced a reduction in the validity period and entry allowance for “most” non-immigrant and non-diplomatic visas issued to Nigerians, effectively limiting the legality of their stay in the US to three months with a single entry.

An alleged imbalance in visa reciprocity from Nigeria was cited as the reason for the hard-hitting penalty.

However, diplomatic sources told TheCable Nigeria’s refusal to accept asylum seekers from the US was partly responsible for the visa restrictions.

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TheCable learnt that the US also pushed for the option of allowing its citizens to electronically apply for Nigeria’s five-year visa without visiting an embassy, alongside access to the country’s criminal database so that Nigerians with previous criminal records who are now living in America can be identified for deportation.

Yusuf Tuggar, Nigeria’s minister of foreign affairs, met Richard Mills, US ambassador to Nigeria, on Monday.

Though details of their meeting were not made public, the US embassy said the American government looked forward to working with Nigeria on issues of mutual concern.

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Drug rehab mandatory for Regina Daniels’ access to children – Ned Nwoko

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Senator Ned Nwoko, representing Delta North Senatorial District, has addressed recent social media claims by his estranged wife, actress Regina Daniels, regarding access to their two sons, Munir and Khalifa.

In a statement released by his communication team on Tuesday, titled “Take the Window of Quietude for Therapy,” Nwoko refutes allegations that he is deliberately preventing Daniels from seeing the children or exploiting them publicly.

The statement described Daniels’ posts as misleading and inconsistent with established family practices.

It noted that sharing family moments with the children has long been a tradition, adding that Daniels herself has frequently posted photos and videos of not only her own children but also those of Nwoko’s other wives, without prior concerns about privacy or exploitation.

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Nwoko’s team emphasised that Daniels’ absence from the children’s lives has been voluntary, stating she has prioritised social engagements and nightlife over consistent presence, while the children are in a stable environment focused on routine and emotional well-being.

He also added that an Abuja court has directed that Regina Daniels must undergo drug rehabilitation and be assessed by the Abuja Social Welfare Department before regaining access to the children.

The matter is adjourned to February 4, 2026, for the substantive hearing.

The dispute escalated publicly in October 2025 with allegations of substance abuse and domestic issues, leading to this custody focused development.

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