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10 biggest protests in history

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Throughout history, some of the largest protests have played a crucial role in challenging unjust laws, holding governments accountable, and promoting change. At times, these demonstrations have mobilized massive crowds, becoming pivotal moments in world history.

Even though not all major protests achieve their goals, they leave a lasting impact on society, frequently inspiring similar movements around the world and across generations.

Here are ten notable protests in modern history amid the demonstrations in Nigeria and United Kingdom.

1. Indian Farmers Protest (2020-2021)

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Image credit: Getty/ Hindustan Times

The Indian farmers’ protest began in late 2020, with farmers from Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh protesting against three farm bills passed by the Indian government. The bills were seen as favoring large corporations over small farmers, leading to widespread demonstrations across the country. The protests, marked by massive rallies and a prolonged sit-in at the Delhi border, drew international attention and resulted in the repeal of the controversial laws in November 2021.

2. George Floyd and Black Lives Matter (2020)

Image credit: Getty/ OLIVIER DOULIERY)

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The murder of George Floyd by a police officer in Minneapolis on May 25, 2020, sparked global outrage and a wave of protests under the banner of Black Lives Matter (BLM). Demonstrators took to the streets across the U.S. and worldwide, demanding justice for Floyd and addressing systemic racism and police brutality. The protests reignited conversations on racial inequality and led to calls for reform in policing practices.

3. Women’s March (2017)

image credit: Getty/ Bettmann

The Women’s March, held on January 21, 2017, was one of the largest single-day protests in U.S. history. In response to Donald Trump’s inauguration as President, millions of people—primarily women but including supporters of all genders—gathered in Washington, D.C., and cities around the world. The march focused on advocating for women’s rights, LGBTQ+ rights, and racial equality, and became an important moment in the broader women’s rights movement.

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4. Anti-Iraq War Protests (2003)

credit: Getty Images News)

On February 15, 2003, millions of people worldwide protested against the impending U.S.-led invasion of Iraq. The demonstrations took place in major cities globally, including London, New York, and Sydney. The protests reflected widespread opposition to the war, which many viewed as unjust and based on questionable evidence. This global outcry had a major impact on public opinion and policy discussions regarding the Iraq War.

5. Tiananmen Square (1989)

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(Image credit: Getty/ Archive Photos

The Tiananmen Square protests began in April 1989 with student-led demonstrations in Beijing calling for political reform, freedom of speech, and other democratic ideals. The movement grew into a mass protest involving millions. The Chinese government’s violent crackdown in June, known as the Tiananmen Square Massacre, resulted in numerous deaths and remains a sensitive and censored topic in China.

6. The Baltic Way (1989)

On August 23, 1989, approximately two million people formed a human chain spanning over 600 kilometers across the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Known as the Baltic Way, this peaceful protest marked the 50th anniversary of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, which led to the occupation of the Baltic states by the Soviet Union. The demonstration was a powerful call for independence and played an influential role in the eventual dissolution of the Soviet Union.

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7. People’s Protest (1986)

The EDSA People Power Revolution of 1986 in the Philippines was a non-violent protest that led to the end of Ferdinand Marcos’s 20-year authoritarian rule. Over four days, millions of Filipinos gathered along Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA) in Metro Manila, calling for democratic reforms and an end to corruption. The peaceful uprising, marked by mass demonstrations, prayers, and human chains, resulted in Marcos fleeing the country and Corazon Aquino, the opposition leader’s widow, being inaugurated as president, restoring democracy in the Philippines.

8. Earth Day (1970)

(Image credit: Getty)

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The first Earth Day, held on April 22, 1970, was a major environmental protest that drew millions of Americans to advocate for environmental protection and raise awareness about pollution and ecological issues. Founded by Senator Gaylord Nelson, Earth Day played a crucial role in the establishment of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the passage of key environmental legislation.

9. France in May (1968)

Image credit: Getty/ Michael Ochs Archives
The May 1968 protests in France were a series of student-led demonstrations and general strikes that challenged the political and social order. The movement, which began at universities and spread to involve workers and intellectuals, called for educational reform, labor rights, and broader societal changes. The protests had a lasting impact on French society and politics.

10. The Salt March (1930)

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The Salt March, led by Mahatma Gandhi, was a 240-mile march to the Arabian Sea to protest British colonial rule in India. Starting on March 12, 1930, Gandhi and his followers aimed to defy British salt laws by producing salt from the sea. The march garnered massive international attention and was a crucial event in the Indian independence movement, highlighting the effectiveness of nonviolent resistance.

THIS STORY FIRST APPEARED IN VANGUARD

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CBN Governor Affirms 1,000 Staff Exited Voluntarily Without Pressure

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By Gloria Ikibah
The Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), Mr. Olayemi Cardoso, has said that that the voluntary disengagement of 1,000 staff in December 2024, was initiated by the employees themselves, and all entitlements paid in full.
The CBN Governor who was made the clarification at an investigative hearing organized by the House of Representatives Ad-hoc Committee “To Investigate Central Bank Of Nigeria (CBN) Termination/Dismissal Of Staff” on the retirement of over 1000 staff of the Central Bank of and the associated N50 billion payoff scheme, on Friday in Abuja.
Cardoso who was represented by Deputy Director of Corporate Services, Bala Bello,
emphasized that the program was completely voluntary and aimed at enhancing the bank’s efficiency.
“The early exit program of the Central Bank is 100 percent voluntary.
“Nobody has been asked to leave, and nobody has been forced to leave. It is a completely voluntary program put in place at the request of staff”, Bello said.
He explained that the restructuring and reorganization efforts were designed to optimize the bank’s operations by aligning manpower, skills, and technology with its strategic goals.
According to him, the program was particularly beneficial to staff members who felt their career progression had stagnated due to limited opportunities.
“The objective is to ensure the right people are in the right positions, balancing human resource requirements with operational demands.
“For example, among those who left, some are setting up their own banks. These individuals saw the program as an opportunity to pursue other ventures”, he added.
Addressing concerns raised during the hearing, Bello reiterated that no staff member was coerced or intimidated into leaving.
“Those who wanted to take it did, and those who didn’t remain with the bank,”he said, stressing that the initiative was driven by popular demand from staff.
Earlier, Chairman of the Ad-hoc Committee, Rep. Usman Bello Kumo, assured stakeholders of a fair investigation, and stated that the committee’s role was to ensure transparency in the process.
“Our responsibility is to submit a comprehensive report to the House on the objectives, timeline, and impact of the restructuring, reorganization, and early exit program,” he said.
The CBN maintained that the N50 billion terminal benefits allocated to exiting staff were carefully calculated and distributed according to laid-down procedures.
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Our investigators taking bribe – EFCC Chairman admits

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The Chairman, Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, Mr Ola Olukoyede, has said some of the investigators are in the habit of demanding bribes from crime suspects, thus eroding the integrity of the agency.

Olukoyode warned the erring anti-graft agency’s investigators that they would be dealt with if they failed to retrace their steps with the policy’s guidelines, which are erected on responsibility, accountability, and transparency.

The EFCC boss made this known to the Commission’s members of staff during his New Year address at the Headquarters in Abuja.

President Bola Tinubu appointed Olukoyede as the EFCC helmsman in October 2023, following the suspension of Abdulrasheed Bawa in July, over suspected infractions while in office.

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He told the agency staff that the public views about their operations are not friendly, saying, “At this point, I need to strongly reiterate the issue of discipline, integrity and sense of responsibility in the way we do our work. Public opinions about the conduct of some of our investigators are adverse. The craze and quest for gratification, bribes and other compromises by some of our investigators are becoming too embarrassing and this must not continue.

“Let me sound a note of warning in this regard. I will not hesitate to wield the big stick against any form of infraction by any staff of the Commission. The Department of Internal Affairs has been directed to be more ardent in its work and monitor every staff in all their engagements. The image of the Commission is too important to be placed on the line by any corrupt officer.”

Earlier in his address, the anti-graft agency’s boss urged the staff to be up and doing, as he added that the development of the country depends on the competence of the Commission in dealing with corruption.

Olukoyede said, “As you would recall, our new policy drive is premised on a three-pronged agenda and blueprint. The first plank of the agenda is properly focusing on the mandate of the EFCC. All over the world, the major objective of the war against corruption and financial crimes is to drive economic development and create wealth and job opportunities for the populace. We need to come to these realities and operate by them. Our nation is in dire straits. We need to continue to do everything possible to stimulate the revenue profile of Nigeria.

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“There is no agency of government as crucial to the nation’s quest for growth and development as the EFCC. We have all it takes to bring up the profile and developmental index of our nation. I urge all of you to be steadfast and committed to this clarion.”

He urged the staff to adhere to the rule of law, and strife to promote the image of the agency and protect the reputation of the country, in order to attract foreign investors, with the direct aim of boosting the economy of Nigeria.

“The second plank of our policy direction is putting modalities in place for running the administration and governance of the nation at various levels in a most responsible, accountable and transparent manner as well as building and promoting the international image and reputation of Nigeria in the eye of the world as a country that is worthy of attracting foreign direct investments. To achieve all these, preventive mechanisms against corruption, adherence to the rule of law and engagement of diverse publics in the nation in the fight, are imperative,” he stated.

“I equally talk about the overarching need for a transactional credit system as a potent means of keeping corruption at bay. We need to encourage this and motivate Nigerians in this area. I want to particularly harp on the preventive modality which is the centerpiece of our new engagement. We are already building strength in this area through the restructuring of the layers of the Commission. I want every staff to be in tune with the new arrangement.”

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Speaking about the arrest and bail guidelines, the EFCC boss said, “Let me also talk about the review of the arrest and bail guidelines which I expect everyone to be familiar with by now. The review is informed by the need for us to conform with international best practices in law enforcement.

“We are a civilised anti-graft agency. Arrest and bail would henceforth be done in line with the rule of law. Our investigators should particularly take note of this. It is important for us to understand the dynamics of the world in the area of law enforcement. Change is the most permanent fact of life. We should not be seen to be resisting changes in our work.

“We are mindful of the increasing need for the welfare of staff and steps are being taken in this regard. I may not talk about specifics. However, the new year promises to bring smiles on the faces of staff across all the Commands. We will continue to do our best to put all of you at your best. However, to whom much is given, much is expected.

“Lastly, I have always said that we are all privileged to be staff of the EFCC. There is this Latin phrase that says, noblesse oblige, meaning, nobility demands responsibility. This is the crux of the matter. We should dignify the privilege of being EFCC staff with proportionate responsibility. It is both a duty and an obligation. I wish you all the best in the New Year.”

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The Legal Attache of the United States’ Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Jack Smith, hailed the appointment of Olukoyede as the EFCC boss, when he paid him a courtesy visit, in November last year, praising him that “the rebranding and other positive initiatives are good.”

EFCC is currently investigating the alleged N37.1 billion fraud under the former Minister of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management and Social Development, Saddiya Umar Faruq.

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Read reaction of Nigerians to N30m fees in Lagos school

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By Kayode Sanni-Arewa

Charterhouse, a British independent school located in the Lekki area of Lagos State, has once again sparked controversy over its fees, drawing criticism from Nigerians on social media.

According to its website, the Charterhouse Family of Schools has been a leading name in British education for over 400 years. The Lagos campus, the first African branch of Charterhouse UK, admitted its first set of students in September 2024, catering to Year 1 through Year 6 pupils.

The school previously faced criticism in April 2024 for its tuition fees, which were reportedly as high as N42 million per year, alongside a N2 million non-refundable registration fee. This sparked widespread backlash, with many questioning the affordability of the institution for the average Nigerian family.

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The debate resurfaced on Thursday following a video shared on X.com by user #itzbasito, captioned, “This is what the inside of the most expensive school in Lagos looks like. It costs N42 million per year.”

The video, attributed to Charterhouse, however, claimed that tuition and accommodation cost less than N30 million. The post has since garnered over 9,200 interactions on X.com, with many Nigerians criticising the costs, stating that even N30 million is excessively high.

One user, #TheWaleOrire, tweeted on Friday, “If the government can’t regulate school fees in primary and secondary schools, how can we achieve standardised universal basic education? There’s absolutely no reason why any secondary school in Nigeria should be charging N42 million per year.”

He added, “This only widens the gap between the lower, middle, and upper classes, turning education into a luxury for the rich instead of a right for every child. We need urgent reforms to bridge this inequality.”

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Other users echoed similar sentiments, arguing that the fees primarily catered to the wealthy elite.

#OAAdeniji wrote, “There is no way anyone in Nigeria, earning in Naira, will be paying N42 million per year for a secondary school student, no matter what they are being taught. This is more than outrageous.”

Another user, #toofighting, remarked, “You’d find that the students are mostly children of expatriates, and those fees are paid by the companies their parents work for. Most Nigerian parents cannot pay that sum out of pocket.”

Similarly, #rusticfunmi commented, “N42 million per annum just so some people can feel superior that their children will be taught by whites… sorry, ‘expatriates.’”

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In contrast, some users defended the school, arguing that it caters to a specific segment of society.

#Arsenicscot tweeted, “They don’t have the majority as their market target. All these una complain na for una pocket. When admission commences, the school will be filled; it won’t be scanty. The owners of the school know the segment of the population they are targeting. They won’t beg for students.”

Another user, #Treazyblaq, added, “If they can afford it, why not? These schools offer more than just education; they’re valuable for networking and building connections that can benefit the future. It’s an investment, not just in education but in opportunities and overall growth.”

The video also detailed the school’s boarding arrangements, stating that students would share rooms with three others, each having their own bed and private space. This sparked additional criticism, with some questioning the value provided.

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#SandraAdaeze4 commented, “N30 million a year only to share a room with four other students.” Similarly, #citiii added, “For that amount, there is no reason why each student shouldn’t have their own room or, at worst, two per room.”

Charterhouse’s website details its tiered fee structure for founding students, with tuition ranging from N16.1 million for Years 1–2 to N24 million for Year 9. Weekly boarding costs an additional N5 million, while full boarding is N7 million per year.

PUNCH reported in August 2024 that the Founding Head and Director of Education at Charterhouse, John Todd, clarified misinformation regarding the school’s fees.

He said, “In April, there was an online reaction to our school fees, which sparked a lot of discussion, with some people reacting to the figure of N42m. I want to set the record straight: our fees are currently N26m, not N42m. We’ve never charged N42m.”

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