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Rivers State Crisis: Overview of Five Instances of State of Emergency Declared in Nigeria – List of Affected States, Reasons, Consequences

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The declaration of a state of emergency in Rivers State on March 18, 2025, by President Bola Ahmed Tinubu marks a significant moment in Nigeria’s political history. This action, taken under Section 305 of the 1999 Constitution, involved the suspension of Governor Siminalayi Fubara, his deputy Ngozi Odu, and the state House of Assembly for an initial six-month period, with Vice Admiral Ibokette Ibas (retd.) appointed as administrator.

The stated reason was a prolonged political crisis that began in September 2023, which had paralyzed governance in the oil-rich state. To understand this event in context, let’s examine similar occurrences in Nigeria’s history since its return to democracy in 1999, as well as notable instances from earlier periods.

Post-1999 Instances of State of Emergency

Since Nigeria’s transition to democracy in 1999, states of emergency have been declared several times, typically in response to severe political instability, ethnic or religious violence, or insurgent activities. Below are key examples:

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Plateau State (2004)

Context: In May 2004, President Olusegun Obasanjo declared a state of emergency in Plateau State due to escalating ethnic and religious violence between Christian and Muslim communities, particularly in the state capital, Jos. The conflict resulted in hundreds of deaths and widespread displacement.

Action: Governor Joshua Dariye was suspended, the state legislature was dissolved, and Major General Chris Alli (retd.) was appointed as administrator for six months.

Similarity: Like Rivers State in 2025, this involved the suspension of elected officials and the appointment of an administrator, though the trigger was violence rather than a purely political crisis. Both cases reflect the federal government’s intervention when local governance fails to maintain order or function effectively.

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Ekiti State (2006)

Context: In October 2006, President Obasanjo declared a state of emergency in Ekiti State following a political crisis sparked by the impeachment of Governor Ayodele Fayose on charges of corruption and abuse of office. The impeachment process led to chaos, including the suspension of the state assembly speaker and violent clashes.

Action: Fayose and his deputy were removed, and Tunji Olurin, a retired general, was appointed as administrator for six months.

Similarity: This parallels the Rivers State case as it stemmed from a political crisis rather than widespread violence or insurgency. In both instances, the president acted to suspend elected officials and install an administrator to restore stability, highlighting the use of emergency powers to address governance breakdowns.
Borno, Yobe, and Adamawa States (2013)

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Context: On May 14, 2013, President Goodluck Jonathan declared a state of emergency in these three northeastern states in response to the Boko Haram insurgency, which had overwhelmed local authorities with bombings, kidnappings, and territorial control.

Action: Unlike Plateau and Ekiti, the governors and state assemblies were not suspended. Instead, the federal government deployed additional troops, imposed curfews, and granted security forces expanded powers to combat the insurgents.

Difference: This differs from Rivers State in 2025, as it was a security-driven emergency rather than a political one, and elected officials retained their positions. However, it shares the commonality of federal intervention in a crisis deemed beyond state control.

Niger, Plateau, Yobe, and Borno States (2011)

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Context: On December 31, 2011, President Jonathan declared a limited state of emergency in specific local government areas across these four states following Boko Haram attacks, including the Christmas Day bombings.

Action: The declaration included temporary border closures and enhanced security measures, but state governments remained intact.

Difference: This was narrower in scope compared to the full suspension of state leadership seen in Rivers State, focusing on targeted security measures rather than governance overhaul.

Pre-1999 Notable Instance

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Before 1999, during Nigeria’s early post-independence years, a significant precedent occurred:

Western Region (1962)

Context: In May 1962, Prime Minister Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa declared a state of emergency in the Western Region amid a political crisis within the Action Group (AG), the ruling party. A factional dispute between Chief Obafemi Awolowo and Chief Samuel Ladoke Akintola, compounded by electoral irregularities and violence, led to a breakdown of order.

Action: The regional government was suspended, and Dr. Moses Majekodunmi was appointed as administrator for six months. The emergency was lifted in December 1962 after stabilizing the region.

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Similarity: This is perhaps the closest historical parallel to Rivers State in 2025. Both involved political infighting that paralyzed governance, prompting the central government to suspend elected officials and appoint an administrator. The key difference is the democratic context—1962 occurred under a fragile parliamentary system, while 2025 is within a presidential democracy.

Analysis and Patterns

Triggers: Historically, states of emergency in Nigeria have been triggered by either security threats (e.g., Boko Haram) or political crises (e.g., Ekiti, Western Region). The Rivers State declaration aligns with the latter, a rarer occurrence since 1999, where the crisis is internal to the political class rather than involving widespread violence or external threats.

Federal Overreach Concerns: In cases like Plateau (2004) and Ekiti (2006), critics argued that the declarations undermined democracy by sidelining elected officials, a sentiment echoed in some reactions to the Rivers State action on X posts in 2025. The Western Region case similarly faced accusations of partisan misuse by the federal government.

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Duration and Administration: The six-month initial period and appointment of a military or retired military figure as administrator (e.g., Ibas in Rivers, Alli in Plateau, Olurin in Ekiti) are consistent features, reflecting a preference for centralized control during emergencies.

Legal Basis: All post-1999 declarations, including Rivers State, adhere to Section 305 of the 1999 Constitution, requiring National Assembly approval within days, a safeguard not present in the 1962 parliamentary system.

Conclusion

The Rivers State emergency of March 18, 2025, mirrors earlier instances like the Western Region (1962) and Ekiti (2006) most closely, where political dysfunction—rather than insurgency or mass violence—prompted federal intervention.

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While Plateau (2004) shares the feature of suspending elected officials, its violent context sets it apart. The 2013 northeastern emergency, though impactful, differs significantly due to its security focus and retention of state leadership. These historical parallels underscore Nigeria’s recurring challenge of balancing federal authority with state autonomy, a tension likely to shape debates around the Rivers State declaration.

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Putin Proposes Direct Ukraine Talks, Quiet On 30-Day Ceasefire

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By Kayode Sanni-Arewa

Russian President Vladimir Putin on Sunday proposed direct negotiations in the coming days to end the conflict in Ukraine but did not address a 30-day ceasefire proposal drawn up hours earlier by European allies of Kyiv, reportedly with US backing.

Speaking at the Kremlin in the early hours of Sunday, Putin proposed direct talks with Ukraine in Istanbul on May 15 — hours after Kyiv and the leaders of France, Germany, Britain and Poland had called for an unconditional 30-day ceasefire to start on Monday.

“We propose to the Kyiv authorities to resume the talks that they broke off in 2022, and, I emphasise, without any preconditions,” Putin said.

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Russian and Ukrainian negotiators held direct talks in Istanbul in the first weeks of the conflict, but failed to agree to halt the fighting, which has been raging ever since.

“We propose to start (negotiations) without delay on Thursday May 15 in Istanbul,” Putin said, adding that he would talk to Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan soon to ask for his help to facilitate the talks.

Putin said he was “committed to serious negotiations with Ukraine” and that he wanted talks to “eliminate the root causes of the conflict and to establish a long-lasting peace”.

Russia’s references to the “root causes” of the conflict typically refer to grievances with Kyiv and the West that Moscow has put forward as justification for launching the offensive in February 2022.

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‘Anti-Russian rhetoric’
“We do not exclude that during these talks we will be able to agree on some new ceasefire,” Putin said in the Kremlin address, attended by AFP.

But he also accused Ukraine’s Western backers of wanting to “continue war with Russia” and — without mentioning the specific Ukraine-European proposal for a 30-day ceasefire — slammed European “ultimatums” and “anti-Russian rhetoric”.

“A potentially great day for Russia and Ukraine!” US President Donald Trump posted on his Truth Social platform shortly afterwards, without specifying what he was referring to.

He vowed to “continue to work with both sides to make sure that it happens”.

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But French President Emmanuel Macron, who hours earlier had met with German Chancellor Friedrich Merz, British Prime Minister Keir Starmer and Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk in Kyiv in a symbolic show of support for Ukraine, warned that Putin was merely trying “to buy time”.

An unconditional ceasefire is not preceded by negotiations, by definition,” he told reporters as he stepped off a train in the Polish city of Przemysl on his return from Ukraine.

The European leaders, together with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky, had pressed Russia in the Kyiv meeting on Saturday to accept a 30-day unconditional ceasefire starting on Monday, threatening Moscow with new sanctions if it did not comply.

The United States and other countries back the proposal, they said.

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“We have just now… decided to support a ceasefire which will begin next Monday, without any preconditions,” Macron told a press conference in Kyiv on Saturday.

The leaders also held a video conference with their counterparts from about 20 other member countries of the “coalition of the willing” supporting Ukraine.

“In the event of a violation of this ceasefire, we have agreed that massive sanctions will be prepared and coordinated between Europeans and Americans,” Macron said.

The United States and Ukraine have for weeks pushed a similar proposal, which Russia has not accepted.

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Trump had threatened to walk out of talks over the lack of progress on ending the war, after vowing during the US election campaign to halt the conflict within a day of taking office.

Kyiv and its allies had feared that Trump was pivoting towards Moscow because he had clashed with Zelensky. But Trump has recently expressed growing impatience with Putin.

‘Absolute unity’
The UK’s Starmer said the Kyiv talks had led to “absolute unity across a whole range of countries around the world, including the United States, that there must be that 30-day unconditional ceasefire”.

The five leaders in Kyiv held a “fruitful” call with Trump to update him on the meeting, Ukrainian Foreign Minister Andriy Sybiga said.

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“For the first time in a long time we had a feeling that the whole free world is truly united,” Poland’s Tusk said.

European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen also supported the truce that she said “must be implemented without pre-conditions to pave the way for meaningful peace negotiations”.

Macron said the ceasefire would be “mainly” monitored by the United States but that “Europeans will contribute”.

The symbolic show of European unity came a day after Putin struck a defiant tone at a Moscow parade marking 80 years since the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II.

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Putin had ordered a unilateral three-day truce from Thursday through to Saturday for the event. But a Ukrainian army brigade operating in the east told AFP the intensity of fighting had remained “pretty much the same”.

AFP

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“I’m in pains, end wars in Gaza, Ukraine, Pope Leo XIV begs world leaders”

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Pope Leo XIV has made a strong and emotional appeal for global peace, condemning the ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza while urging world leaders to end the violence and prioritise humanitarian efforts.

During his first-ever Regina Coeli address on Sunday, the new pontiff appeared at the window of the Apostolic Palace and spoke to thousands gathered in St Peter’s Square, as well as millions watching across the globe.

Echoing the legacy of his predecessor, Pope Francis, Pope Leo declared: “In today’s dramatic context of a third world war fought piecemeal… I too appeal to the powerful of the world by repeating these ever-relevant words: never again war!”

He began his message by referencing one of the deadliest periods in human history — the Second World War — which ended 80 years ago on 8 May.

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He described it as an “immense tragedy” that caused the deaths of over 60 million people, using the historical moment to highlight the urgent need to prevent another global catastrophe.

Pope Leo XIV turned his attention to the modern theatres of war, starting with Ukraine, where the prolonged war with Russia has claimed thousands of lives and displaced millions.

I carry in my heart the suffering of the beloved Ukrainian people,” he said.

He urged that “every effort be made to reach a true, just, and lasting peace as soon as possible.”

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BANDITRY! Create state police now, northern govs, traditional rulers beg NASS

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The Northern Governors’ Forum and the traditional rulers’ council in the region have reiterated their support for the creation of state police, with a call on the National Assembly to expedite action on the enactment of the legal framework for its take-off.

This was part of their resolutions at their joint meeting held at Sir Kashim Ibrahim Government House in Kaduna State on Saturday.

In a communiqué read by the chairman of the forum and Governor of Gombe State, Inuwa Yahaya, at the end of the meeting, the northern governors resolved to liaise with the Nigerian Governors Forum (NGF) to work out modalities of how to increase support to the federal security forces.

They also resolved to strengthen peculiar local initiatives in combating all forms of security challenges by setting up inter-state platforms to coordinate surveillance on their joint borders.

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While they acknowledged the critical role of nonpartisan cooperation, collaboration, and peer review in effectively addressing the numerous developmental challenges confronting the northern region and the nation at large, the governors commended President Bola Tinubu for his sustained commitment to addressing the security challenges and infrastructural deficits in northern Nigeria.

Speaking earlier in his opening remark, Governor Yahaya stressed the need for collective action to drive the region’s development and tackle insecurity, just as he condemned the recent attacks and killings in Plateau, Benue, Bauchi, Borno, and Yobe states.

He therefore urged the Federal Government to review its security strategies, emphasizing the importance of collaboration between the federal, state, and local security architectures.

According to the Northern Governors’ Forum, the resurgence of Boko Haram activities in the northeast and violent killings in the north-central regions were major concerns that require immediate attention.

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“We must work together to address the security challenges facing our region. It’s imperative that we enhance our security measures to protect our citizens and ensure their safety,” he said.

He commended President Tinubu’s commitment to Nigeria’s security while noting the need for more effective strategies.

Governor Yahaya also expressed concern over the state of infrastructure in northern Nigeria, citing neglected projects such as the Port Harcourt-Maiduguri rail line and the Kano-Maiduguri expressway.

The Kebbi governor advocated innovative financing options like public-private partnerships and infrastructure bonds to bridge the infrastructure gap.

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In his remarks, Kaduna State Governor and chief host of the meeting, Uba Sani, commended Tinubu for his unwavering commitment to addressing infrastructural deficits in the north.

Sani praised Tinubu’s initiative to complete the Abuja-Kaduna-Zaria-Kano dual carriageway project.

“Mr President will go down in history as the leader who listened to the cries of the Northern people and took decisive action,” the governor said.

He noted that the road connected the Federal Capital Territory to 12 states in the North Central, North West, and North East zones, serving as a vital link between the south and north.

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The governor emphasised the need for a roadmap to address security, peace, governance, and development issues in northern Nigeria.

“We don’t have the luxury of time. Our people want results,” he stressed, urging the development of an implementation and funding strategy to drive progress.

While welcoming his colleagues and traditional rulers to the meeting, he commended the chairman of the Gombe governor and the Sultan of Sokoto, Muhammad Sa’ad Abubakar, for their leadership.

“We have made progress on many fronts. But challenges remain. I urge us to hasten the development of a roadmap to address issues of security, peace, governance, and development in northern Nigeria. Additionally, we must follow up on the roadmap with an implementation and funding strategy. We don’t have the luxury of time. Our people want results.

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“I must not conclude this welcome address without commending President Bola Ahmed Tinubu, GCFR, for his unwavering commitment to addressing the infrastructural deficits in northern Nigeria. One of Mr President’s key interventions in our region is the long-abandoned Abuja-Kaduna-Zaria-Kano dual carriageway. The road connects the Federal Capital Territory to about 12 states in the North Central, North West, and North East Zones.

“It serves as a vital link for travellers moving between the southern and northern parts of Nigeria. Mr President will go down in history as the leader who listened to the cries of the northern people and took decisive action. We owe Mr President a debt of gratitude,” he said.

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