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Nigeria’s Strategic Foreign Policy Dilemma: Domestic Politics, Regional Instability, Russia’s Encroaching Geopolitical Influence in West Africa and Sahel

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Dr. Emmanuel Zwanbin, El-Amin University, Minna
 
On the first of August 2024, an organised 10-day demonstration to demand good governance and accountability occurred across cities in Nigeria. However, a twist was added to the protest. Protesters waved Russian flags in Kano and across northern states signifying a possible Russian interference. 
 
This spectacular display of the flag highlighted Russia’s growing geopolitical interest in the region with broad implication on domestic grievances and foreign contestation. This trend represents Russia’s geopolitical effort to counterbalance the dominant role of the West in Africa, especially in the Sahel and West Africa. 
 
The military overthrow of civilian governments in the region may have external influence, however, it is a symptomatic manifestation of domestic public discontent taken advantage of my foreign interests. Therefore, the coup d’etat is an intersection between domestic turmoil on the one hand where the citizens are frustrated with the political elite and France and on the other hand, Russia’s return to Africa to strengthen its global alliances.
 
There is an increasing shift in global alliances and geopolitical positioning in Africa. These alliances have seen the contestation for influence between the conceptual West on one hand, and Russia and China on the other hand. This is particularly heightened by the widespread domestic discontent, terrorism and regional instability, thereby reinforcing the fact that there is a nexus between domestic issues and foreign policy of a state. Therefore, the end bad governance protests have foreign policy implications that lessons can be drawn from especially with the Russian flag saga.
 
The display of Russian flag during the #EndBdGovernance protest was believed to have been instigated by Nigerien infiltrators. They alleged Nigerien infiltrators were frustrated with Nigeria’s unfriendly stance against the coup Junta. The Russian flag can be construed in terms of being symbolic and strategic. Conversely, the flag symbolises the growing influence of Russia as was seen in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger before and after the coups. Additionally, it represents the rejection of the status quo and an invitation to Russia and a welcoming gesture. The emergence of a flag became a debate as to whether it was a Russian flag or Nigerian army flag. The focus here was the call for a military intervention, which resonate with the trends of Russia strategies in the Sahel and West Africa particularly in Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso. It is worth noting that Russia does not pretend about its expansionist ambition. This, therefore, cannot be ignored.
 
The July 2023 military coup in Niger marked a watershed in Nigeria’s foreign policy towards Niger. The ties between Nigeria and Niger are not merely diplomatic. Both countries have shared history, religious, linguistic and familial connections. The ECOWAS sanction backed by Nigeria was perceived as a betrayal of the longstanding and cordial relations between the two states. Niger expected strong solidarity from Nigeria but was met with series of sanctions. Nigeria missed the opportunity to utilise its soft power tools to bring the junta under its influence and redirect it to democratic pathways. Thus, Russia took advantage by acting as its messiah from the Western backed sanctions. The tradition is usually, when a coup occurs, Western powers condemn the coup, call for return to democracy and severed diplomatic relations with such country. The lack of quick diplomatic maneuver by Nigeria created a power vacuum which allow international scavengers to consolidate their influence in the country.
 
The cutting of electricity supply to Niger and the closure of its international borders by Nigeria was a breaking point in the relations between the two historically friendly countries as it was considered an exercise of a last resort. Nigeria should have explored the use of smart power to entice Niger rather than an outright hard power sanctions. For instance, Nigeria-Niger energy partnership has been vital to the flow of water from the Niger River into two major power stations in Kainji and Jebba with a combined power generation capacity of 1,330 Megawatts while Nigeria supply electricity to Niger in exchange. However, this created a trust deficit between the two states and threatened their energy security.
 
The growing influence of Russia in the Sahel and West Africa has several implications. First, there is increasing geopolitical realignment which culminated in alternative supranational organisations such as the Alliance for the Sahel. Second, Russia’s overt military support for the Junta proliferates coups across the regions. Third, Russia’s disinformation depletes Nigeria’s attractiveness and dominance in the region. Fourth, Russia’s search for coastal access to strengthen its foothold in the region is an issue of great concern. These challenges posed an impasse between democracy and dictatorship.
 
Looking forward, to address these foreign policy challenges will be critical if Nigeria must assert herself as a regional hegemon with substantial geopolitical influence among the community of states. It is not in doubt that Nigeria’s traditional sphere of influence in West Africa and the Sahel has been threatened by the coups, particularly their withdrawal from ECOWAS diminishes regional cohesion while allowing Russia’s influence to flourish in the region. Therefore, for Nigeria to exert geostrategic and geopolitical influence, she must deliberately adopt smart power strategies and show of force in combining soft and hard power.
Firstly, Nigeria must improve coordination between the intelligence agencies and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for prompt response leading to strategic foreign policy decision making. Secondly, Nigeria must move from its accidental public diplomacy to deliberately use institutional synergy and its cultural wealth such as music, sports, food, films and fabric to influence its attractiveness. By intentionally leveraging on the abundance of its soft power resources, Nigeria can push back on regional lack of cohesion. Thirdly, strengthening regional alliances despite the emergence of the Alliance of Sahel States (Alliance des États du Sahel-AES), foreign publics engagements, promotion of regional security initiative such as the Multinational Joint Taskforce. It is imperative for Nigeria to re-assert itself and champion counter efforts against Russian disinformation and predatory influences.
Fourthly, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs must galvanise foreign policy think tanks and the intelligence community to provide early detection of emerging foreign policy phenomenon. For instance, Nigeria Institute for International Affairs (NIIA) can put up an initiative that will map and organise foreign policy experts in clusters for interdisciplinary collaboration and to provide analysis on pressing foreign policy issues that will enhance intelligence and decisionmaking.
 
Fifthly, Nigeria’s economic foreign policy must bring together commercial entities with transnational capacity such as the Dangote Group, BUA group and Innoson Motors to mention but a few to the forefront in advancing its national interest in the region and beyond.
 
By and large, to deal with the shifting regional alliance, Nigeria needs to recalibrate its “Africa as the centrepiece” strategy with a more pragmatic approach to dealing with the realities of emerging geopolitics and national interests. Russian will remain opportunistic while the Western will continue to challenge Russia and other revisionist states in Africa. Nigeria must position itself as a melting pot and take advantage of the dynamic changes in the region. As a regional hegemon, Nigeria must remain focus on strengthening regional alliances, invest generously in public diplomacy, and foster regional security cooperation. By and large, Nigeria remains an important buffer against Russia’s calculated strategy of expansion. It must be decisive in countering the geopolitical encroachment of predatory states to remain relevant in its traditional sphere of influence in the region.
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ECOWAS Parliament Pushes Renewable Energy as Key to Unlocking Rural Prosperity

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…as lawmakers, experts, development partners seek practical solutions to West Africa’s electricity deficit

By Gloria Ikibah

The ECOWAS Parliament has opened a five-day high-level meeting in Dakar with a renewed call for greater investment in renewable energy, positioning rural electrification as a critical tool for economic growth, job creation and sustainable development across West Africa.

The Delocalised Joint Committee Meeting brings together parliamentarians, government officials, energy specialists, development partners and private sector stakeholders to examine ways of expanding electricity access in rural communities, where millions of residents remain disconnected from reliable power despite the region’s vast renewable energy resources.

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The gathering is expected to focus on policy reforms, financing mechanisms and legislative frameworks needed to accelerate the deployment of clean energy solutions throughout the sub-region, under the theme, “Harnessing Renewable Energy for Rural Electrification and Empowerment of Rural Economies in the ECOWAS Region: The Role of the ECOWAS Parliament” .

Declaring the meeting open on behalf of the Speaker of the ECOWAS Parliament, Rt. Hon. Hadja Memounatou Ibrahima, the Fourth Deputy Speaker, Hon. Billay Tunkara, emphasised that renewable energy must be viewed not only as a means of supplying electricity but also as a powerful instrument for transforming rural economies.

“Renewable energy is not merely a technical response to electricity demand. It is a key driver in transforming economic activities, particularly in rural areas,” he said.

Tunkara commended Senegal for its commitment to energy transition efforts and acknowledged the country’s drive towards greater energy independence. He noted that investments in solar power and diversification of energy sources had contributed significantly to improving electricity access in rural communities.

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He also called on member states to intensify efforts to ensure that renewable energy becomes a vehicle for inclusive growth and social development across the region.

“Together, let us make rural electrification through renewable energy a catalyst for the economic empowerment of women, young people and farmers. Access to clean energy is a fundamental right, a factor in social peace and a driver of sustainable development”, he added.

The Deputy Speaker further urged governments across the ECOWAS region to strengthen support for renewable energy programmes through innovative financing arrangements, technology transfer initiatives, local manufacturing and stronger parliamentary oversight of regional energy policies.

In his welcome remarks, Head of the Senegalese Delegation to the ECOWAS Parliament, Hon. Guy Marius Sagna, described the conference as a crucial opportunity for West Africa to advance its quest for energy sovereignty and sustainable development.

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He expressed concern that electricity access in many rural areas remains critically low despite the region’s abundant renewable energy potential.

“Our country, the Republic of Senegal, is deeply honored and truly enthusiastic to host this meeting, whose theme resonates particularly strongly as a call to action. A call to make the development of renewable energy a key component of our energy sovereignty.

“The figures speak for themselves. In our ECOWAS region, access to electricity for rural households is still capped at around 12 percent, while our region boasts exceptional solar potential. This gap between our resources and their exploitation is a challenge that we must collectively and urgently address”, he added.

According to Sagna, achieving energy independence is essential to addressing broader socio-economic challenges such as poverty, unemployment, food insecurity and underdevelopment.

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Earlier, Chairperson of the Joint Committee on Energy and Mines, Agriculture, Environment and Natural Resources, and Infrastructure, Hon. Fanta Conte, highlighted the urgency of tackling the widening gap between energy demand and supply across the region.

“Less than 40 percent of the rural population has access to electricity. In some of our Member States, this rate falls below 10 percent in the most remote areas,” she said.

Conte noted that inadequate electricity access continues to undermine healthcare services, agricultural productivity, educational opportunities and income generation, particularly for women and young people living in rural communities.

She also emphasised the responsibility of lawmakers in ensuring that regional energy policies are translated into effective national legislation and implemented successfully.

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“Our role is to ensure that commitments made at the regional level, particularly the ECOWAS Renewable Energy Policy and the Energy Efficiency Action Plan, are effectively transposed into national legislation and, above all, implemented on the ground,” she stated.

The committee chair expressed optimism that the deliberations, which include technical sessions and a field visit to renewable energy projects in Mboursine village, would yield practical recommendations capable of accelerating rural electrification and driving sustainable economic growth throughout the ECOWAS region.

The meeting is expected to continue until June 19, culminating in recommendations aimed at strengthening regional energy cooperation and expanding access to clean, affordable and reliable electricity across West Africa.

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Nigerian Ports Record Global Leap as Apapa, Tin Can Gain World Bank Recognition

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By Gloria Ikibah

Nigeria’s maritime sector has received a major boost after the World Bank named the Apapa Port Complex and Tin Can Island Port Complex among the world’s 20 most improved ports, reflecting significant progress in operational efficiency and service delivery.

The recognition was contained in the 2025 Container Port Performance Index (CPPI), released by the World Bank in June 2026, which highlighted both Lagos ports for their notable improvements in vessel turnaround times and overall port performance.

The ranking is widely regarded as one of the most authoritative global assessments of port efficiency, measuring how quickly ships are serviced and cleared through ports. It provides a standardised, data-driven framework for comparing the performance of ports across different countries and regions.

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The latest recognition comes amid ongoing reforms and modernisation efforts at Nigeria’s seaports, spearheaded by the Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA) under the leadership of its Managing Director, Dr Abubakar Dantsoho.

Industry observers say the improved ranking reflects sustained efforts to streamline port operations, reduce delays and enhance the competitiveness of Nigeria’s maritime gateways in the global shipping industry.

The latest recognition comes on the heels of the Nigerian Ports Authority’s pivotal role in sustaining Nigeria’s trade surplus. Through enhanced efficiency and improved port operations, the NPA has continued to provide the platform for Nigeria’s successive attainment of trade surpluses since 2024. Most recently, the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) reported a trade surplus of ₦7.54 trillion in the first quarter (Q1) of 2026, highlighting the strategic importance of the nation’s ports to economic growth and international trade.

Reacting to the World Bank report, the Managing Director of the NPA, Dr. Abubakar Dantsoho, attributed the achievement to the investor-friendly policies of President Bola Ahmed Tinubu and the support of the Minister of Marine and Blue Economy, Adegboyega Oyetola.

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“With the investor-friendly policies of President Bola Ahmed Tinubu providing the impetus for increased investment to drive our port infrastructure and equipment modernization programme, coupled with the unflinching support of the Honourable Minister of Marine and Blue Economy, Adegboyega Oyetola, we have all it takes to further enhance trade facilitation, improve competitiveness and boost the national economy.”

The inclusion of Apapa and Tin Can Island ports in the global Top 20 for improvement marks a significant milestone for the country’s maritime sector, which has in recent years pursued measures aimed at boosting efficiency, attracting investment and strengthening Nigeria’s position as a regional trade hub.

The Container Port Performance Index serves as an important benchmark for governments, port operators and investors by identifying ports that are making measurable progress while also highlighting areas requiring further operational improvement.

For Nigeria, the latest ranking is expected to reinforce confidence in ongoing port reforms and support efforts to improve trade facilitation, logistics performance and economic competitiveness.

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Tinubu Commissions Abuja Court of Appeal Complex, Says Rule of Law Must Operate From A Befitting Home (Photos)

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By Ojomah Austin.

 

President Bola Ahmed Tinubu on Monday reaffirmed his administration’s commitment to strengthening Nigeria’s judiciary, declaring that the rule of law must be supported by modern infrastructure, improved welfare and institutional reforms capable of deepening democracy and enhancing access to justice.

Represented by Vice President Kashim Shettima at the commissioning of the Court of Appeal Abuja Division Building Complex in Dakibiyu, Abuja, Tinubu described the new edifice as a landmark achievement under the Renewed Hope Agenda and a clear demonstration of government’s determination to restore the dignity of key democratic institutions.

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The building has two big courtrooms, eight small courtrooms, library, 10 judges suites, three conference halls, administrative offices with ancillary facilities, among others.

“This is not just a building. This is a statement. A statement that under the Renewed Hope Agenda, the rule of law will have a befitting home,” the President said.

He recalled that the Abuja Division of the Court of Appeal had for years operated from a cramped temporary facility, a situation he described as unacceptable for an institution entrusted with dispensing justice.

“A nation that seeks justice must respect the temple of justice. When I visited and saw the condition, I gave a simple instruction: fix it. Today, we have fixed it,” he stated.

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Tinubu praised the Minister of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Barr. Nyesom Wike, for delivering the project within record time, describing him as “Mr. Project.”

“When I appointed you as Minister of the FCT, I knew you would not sleep. You promised 16 months. You delivered in record time. No excuses. No variation. Just results. Nigerians can see the difference,” he said.

According to the President, the world-class complex, which comprises two large courtrooms, eight smaller courtrooms and modern support facilities, would accelerate the administration of justice, reduce congestion in correctional centres and strengthen democratic governance.

“This is how you honour the judiciary. This is how you strengthen democracy,” he added.

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Tinubu noted that the project aligns with the administration’s commitment to judicial reforms, increased funding for the judiciary and the promotion of a just, rule-based society. He also commended the FCT Administration for building additional courts, constructing residences for judicial officers, digitising judicial processes and supporting legal education.

Addressing judicial officers, the President acknowledged the enormous responsibilities borne by the Court of Appeal, particularly in election petitions and constitutional matters.

“You deserve an environment that matches the weight of your responsibility. This complex is not a favour. It is your right. And we will do more,” he assured.

He further commended Visible Construction Limited for delivering the project, saying the accomplishment demonstrated the capacity of indigenous firms to execute world-class infrastructure projects.

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“This magnificent edifice shows that local companies have the capacity to deliver high-quality projects on time. This is the Nigeria we are building,” he said.

The President urged judges and justices to ensure justice remains swift, fair and blind to status, ethnicity or wealth.

“Let justice be swift. Let it be fair. Let it be blind to status, tribe or purse. Let the common man feel that this court is truly his last hope,” he stated.

Earlier, the Attorney-General of the Federation and Minister of Justice, Prince Lateef Fagbemi (SAN), described the commissioning as a historic moment for Nigeria’s judiciary and democracy, noting that it coincided with the 50th anniversary of the Court of Appeal.

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“This is not merely the unveiling of a significant judicial edifice. It is a powerful statement of this administration’s unwavering commitment to the rule of law, judicial independence and the strengthening of institutions that safeguard our constitutional democracy,” he said.

Fagbemi said President Tinubu had demonstrated unprecedented support for the judiciary through concrete reforms, investments and welfare improvements.

“Indeed, no administration in Nigeria’s recent history has provided the level of support to the judiciary that we have witnessed under the leadership of President Bola Ahmed Tinubu,” he stated.

According to him, one of the administration’s most notable achievements was the historic review of judicial officers’ remuneration, resulting in an increase of more than 300 per cent.

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“This was the first major upward review in decades and represented a bold response to long-standing concerns regarding the welfare and dignity of judicial officers,” he said.

The AGF added that beyond welfare reforms, the administration had embarked on one of the most ambitious judicial infrastructure development programmes in Nigeria’s history, including the construction of residences for Court of Appeal justices, Federal High Court judges and FCT High Court judges.

He further highlighted efforts to strengthen judicial capacity through the appointment and confirmation of qualified judicial officers, ensuring the Supreme Court attained its full constitutional complement of justices.

“The critical intervention has enhanced the apex court’s capacity, improved its ability to manage its caseload and significantly reduced delays in adjudicating matters of national importance,” he said.

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In his remarks, FCT Minister, Nyesom Wike revealed that the project was conceived after concerns were raised about the poor state of the Abuja Division and the inadequate accommodation available to judicial officers.

“When I informed Mr. President of the condition of the Court of Appeal, he immediately directed that we should not only provide a befitting complex but also decent accommodation for judges and justices,” Wike said.

He disclosed that the FCT Administration had completed or was nearing completion of housing projects for judicial officers across several courts.

“Tomorrow, we are going to hand over the residences for the Court of Appeal judges, on Wednesday, we will hand over those of the Federal High Court judges, and on July 17, we will hand over those for the FCT High Court. We are also flagging off housing projects for the Industrial Court and the Code of Conduct Tribunal,” he announced.

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The minister argued that judicial independence could not be achieved without adequate infrastructure and conducive working conditions.

“You cannot talk about the independence of the judiciary when the judiciary does not have a befitting environment where they can carry out their functions,” he said.

Wike also used the occasion to call on residents to fulfil their civic obligations, particularly the payment of ground rents and tenement rates.

“Development means funding. You cannot have development when there is no money. We are celebrating today, but we must ask where the money comes from. Citizens must also play their part,” he said.

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President of the Court of Appeal, Justice Monica Dongban-Mensem, described the new complex as a transformative intervention that would significantly improve the administration of justice.

“The impact of the newly constructed court complex on the administration of justice cannot be overstated. The physical environment in which justice is delivered is a decisive factor that affects the quality, speed and public confidence in judicial outcomes,” she said.

Justice Dongban-Mensem explained that the Abuja Division had long struggled with only two courtrooms and limited administrative space despite handling one of the heaviest caseloads in the country.

“The lack of infrastructure has continuously slowed down the timely administration of justice. Even when multiple panels are constituted to reduce backlog, we often have to rely on courtrooms provided by sister courts,” she noted.

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She expressed appreciation to the Federal High Court, National Industrial Court, FCT High Court and Customary Court of Appeal for accommodating the Court of Appeal over the years.

“Sometimes they suspended their own sittings to accommodate us. I am happy to say that from today, they are relieved of that burden,” she said.

In a vote of thanks, the Minister of State for the FCT expressed appreciation to President Tinubu for his visionary leadership and commitment to strengthening the judiciary through strategic infrastructure investments. She also commended Barr. Nyesom Wike for delivering transformative projects across the Federal Capital Territory and thanked members of the judiciary, legislature, media and other stakeholders for their support.

Also speaking, the Managing Director of Visible Construction Limited, Mr. Olalekan Adebiyi, said the project underscored the capacity of indigenous firms to deliver critical national infrastructure. He described the complex as a significant contribution to improving the working environment of judicial officers and commended President Tinubu and Barr. Nyesom Wike for their leadership and support in ensuring the successful completion of the project.

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The commissioning of the Court of Appeal Abuja Division Building Complex formed part of activities marking the third anniversary of the Tinubu administration and the golden jubilee of the Court of Appeal, highlighting what officials described as a renewed commitment to judicial reform, institutional strengthening and improved access to justice for Nigerians.

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