Foreign
Key reasons Ethiopia was never colonised
Ethiopia is the only African country that was never colonised by Britain. While many African countries were colonised by European powers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Ethiopia successfully resisted colonisation, became Africa’s oldest independent state and the only African country that avoided colonial rule.
Although Italy only occupied Ethiopia in 1936 and got kicked out in 1941, it is still considered as the only African nation that was never colonised by the Europeans.
Ethiopia’s journey towards independence began long before the ‘scramble for Africa’ – the period between 1884 and 1914, when the European colonisers partitioned unexplored African continent into protectorates, colonies and ‘free-trade areas’ – in the late 19th century. Ethiopia had established itself as a powerful empire in the Horn of Africa, renowned for its strong monarchies and proud traditions with a sense of national identity and unity which proved crucial in facing external threats.
As European powers embarked on their quest for colonial domination in Africa, Ethiopia emerged as a prime target due to its strategic location and abundant resources. However, unlike many African nations – like Nigeria, Kenya, South Africa, Sierra Leone, etc – that succumbed to European armies and colonial ambitions, Ethiopia resisted all of these.
One of the defining moments in Ethiopia’s struggle against colonialism came in 1896, during the Battle of Adwa. In a remarkable display of unity and military prowess, Ethiopian forces, led by Emperor Menelik II, defeated the Italian army, which sought to establish colonial rule and with the victory at Adwa, the myth of European invincibility was broken thereby cementing Ethiopia’s status as an independent nation.Some of the reasons why Ethiopia was able to stand firm against the Europeans are:
1. Ethiopia was able to use diplomacy and strategic alliances to maintain its independence. Emperor Menelik II forged alliances with European powers, such as France and Russia, which provided Ethiopia with economic and military support. These alliances also made it clear to potential colonizers that any attempt to invade Ethiopia would be met with resistance from a powerful coalition of nations.
2. Ethiopia was able to modernize its military and political institutions, which made it a formidable opponent to potential colonizers. The country’s ruler at the time, Emperor Menelik II, recognized the threat of European imperialism and began a program of modernization and reform investing in modern weapons, training its army and reforming the country’s legal and administrative systems, making Ethiopia a more centralized and efficient state.
3. Ethiopia was an independent nation, with a long and proud history of resistance to foreign rule. The country had successfully fought off attempts at invasion by neighboring countries, such as Egypt and Italy, before the scramble for Africa even began.
Furthermore, Ethiopia’s terrain and geography served as challenges to colonizers. The country’s mountainous landscapes and remote regions made it difficult for foreign armies to penetrate deep into Ethiopian territory, providing a natural defense against external threats.
Ethiopia’s status as the only African country that was never colonized by Britain is proof of the resilience, courage, and determination of its people. Through centuries of struggle and sacrifice, Ethiopia emerged triumphant, preserving its independence and inspiring generations of Africans to fight for their freedom with its legacy becoming the nation that defied the odds and carved its destiny amidst the noise of colonialism.
Russian President Vladimir Putin said on Tuesday that Russia was “ready” for war if Europe seeks one, accusing the continent’s leaders of trying to sabotage a deal on the Ukraine conflict before he met with US envoys.
The comments came as US envoy Steve Witkoff and President Donald Trump’s son-in-law Jared Kushner were in Moscow for high-stakes talks on ending the nearly four-year war, which were preceded by days of intense diplomacy.
“We are not planning to go to war with Europe, but if Europe wants to and starts, we are ready right now,” Putin told reporters in Moscow.
“They have no peaceful agenda, they are on the side of war,” he added, repeating his claim that European leaders were hindering US attempts to broker peace in Ukraine.
He added that European changes to Trump’s latest plan to end the war “aimed solely at one thing — to completely block the entire peace process and put forward demands that are absolutely unacceptable for Russia”.
Washington has presented a 28-point draft to end the conflict, later amended after criticism from Kyiv and Europe, which viewed it as heeding to many of Russia’s maximalist demands.
The plan to end the war is championed by Trump, but European countries fear it risks forcing Kyiv to cave in to Russian demands, notably on territory.
Fearing further Russian aggression, Europe has repeatedly said an unfair peace should not be imposed on Ukraine.
The Trump envoys are now seeking to finalise the plan with the approval of Moscow and Kyiv.
AFP
A United States lawmaker has introduced a bill seeking to abolish dual citizenship for American nationals, a move that could affect thousands of Nigerians who hold both US and Nigerian passports.
Bernie Moreno, a Colombian-born US senator, announced the proposed legislation — titled the Exclusive Citizenship Act of 2025 — arguing that the current system, which allows Americans to hold multiple nationalities, creates “conflicts of interest and divided loyalties.”
“One of the greatest honours of my life was when I became an American citizen at 18, the first opportunity I could do so.
“It was an honour to pledge an Oath of Allegiance to the United States of America and only to the United States of America! Being an American citizen is an honour and a privilege—and if you want to be an American, it’s all or nothing. It’s time to end dual citizenship for good,” Moreno said.
Moreno, who has since renounced his Colombian citizenship, maintains that exclusive allegiance is essential to national integrity.
If passed, the bill could have far-reaching implications for prominent figures such as US First Lady Melania Trump, who holds both US and Slovenian citizenship. It would also significantly impact Nigerians with dual citizenship.
According to a July naturalisation flow report by the US Department of Homeland Security, 38,890 Nigerians became naturalised American citizens between 2021 and 2023. Nigeria ranked 13th among countries with the highest number of new US citizens and was the only African nation in the top 20.
Nigerian law allows citizens by birth to hold dual nationality without relinquishing their Nigerian citizenship.
This development comes months after President Donald Trump issued an executive order aimed at denying automatic US citizenship to children of undocumented immigrants born in the country.
The order was immediately challenged by 18 states and multiple rights groups, who argued it violates the 14th Amendment’s guarantee of birthright citizenship. Ongoing legal battles have prevented the order from taking effect.
Guinea-Bissau’s ousted president, Umaro Sissoco Embalo, arrived in the Republic of Congo’s capital, Brazzaville, on Saturday, days after he was overthrown by the military, Congolese government sources told AFP.
Meanwhile, in the capital, Bissau, the West African country’s leading opposition party said its headquarters had been “invaded” by a “heavily armed militia” following the post-election coup that brought the army to power.
The military seized control of the Portuguese-speaking nation on Wednesday — a day before the provisional results of national elections were due to be announced — prompting Embalo to initially leave for neighbouring Senegal.
The true motives for the coup remain unclear, with speculation and conspiracy theories circulating, including claims that the takeover may have occurred with Embalo’s blessing.
“Embalo arrived in Brazzaville late in the morning on a private jet,” a source close to the Congolese government said on condition of anonymity.
A presidency source added that Embalo, who had claimed victory in the election, intended to remain in the country, also known as Congo-Brazzaville.
Embalo, 53, is rumoured to be close to Congolese President Denis Sassou Nguesso and has visited the Republic of Congo multiple times.
‘Narco-state’
After taking power on Wednesday, the officers in charge said they intervened to restore order, citing a plot by the country’s drug barons to destabilise Guinea-Bissau.
The opposition and some experts, however, suspect that Embalo, in power since 2020, orchestrated the takeover to halt the electoral process.
Those suspicions grew when the junta appointed General Horta N’Tam, considered a close ally of Embalo, to head a transitional administration expected to last a year.
On Saturday, the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), Guinea-Bissau’s powerful opposition party, said its headquarters had been “illegally invaded by heavily armed militia groups” in Bissau.
Elsewhere in the capital, minor clashes broke out between young people and law enforcement officers in a suburb near the headquarters of Fernando Dias, Embalo’s election rival, who was arrested on the day of the coup.
Some political researchers say a high-level turf war over illegal drug smuggling networks may also have contributed to Guinea-Bissau’s instability.
Crippling poverty, chaotic administration, and political turmoil have made Guinea-Bissau a fertile ground for corruption and drug smuggling. The country is a key transit point for Latin American cocaine destined for Europe, leading some analysts to describe it as a “narco-state.”
Senior politicians and military officials are suspected of involvement in the illicit drug trade.
Sandwiched between Senegal and Guinea, Guinea-Bissau has experienced four coups and multiple attempted takeovers since gaining independence from Portugal in 1974.
Among the world’s poorest countries, it has now joined Burkina Faso, Mali, Madagascar, Niger, and Sudan on the list of states suspended from the African Union following coups.
AFP
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