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FOREX code, Cardoso’s approach to stabilizing the naira
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By Dr. Ibrahim Modibbo
Within hours after the launch of foreign exchange code by the Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), Olayemi Cardoso, on January 28, 2025, in Abuja, the positives from this move by the apex bank emerged as the naira appreciated against the US dollar. Following the launch of the FX code on Tuesday, the naira appreciated by 0.97 percent, gaining N16 against the dollar in the parallel market, by trading at an average rate of N1, 634 compared to N1, 650 it traded on Monday. In the official window, data from the CBN revealed that the naira was quoted at N1, 533.50 to the dollar at the Nigerian Foreign Exchange Market (NFEM).
Cardoso’s newly introduced FX code is aimed at improving market liquidity, enhancing transparency, and providing guidance for all those participating in the country’s foreign exchange sector. The code represents a set of principles that are not only encouraged, but accepted as best practices in the global foreign exchange market. The CBN as the regulator of Nigeria’s turbulent forex market drafted the FX code to address risks associated with the emerging financial landscape in the nation, while also strengthening the integrity and functionality of the foreign exchange market.
The CBN in developing the FX code is responding to Nigeria’s financial transformation in recent years and the attendant risks associated with such a growth, in spite of significant progress recorded. The code seeks to establish standards that ensure the efficient functioning of the wholesale FX market, further reinforcing the country’s flexible exchange rate system. It will further promote a robust market that’s characterised by fairness, openness, and adequate transparency, enabling a diverse group of participants to engage effectively at competitive rates that reflect accurate market information. It outlines behavioral standards and best practices that align with global expectations.
Addressing industry players at the launch and alluding to the deep insights and interactions with them, Cardoso said that the acceptance of the FX code reflects the collective vision of everyone for a foreign exchange market built on integrity, fairness, transparency and efficiency, based on its critical nature for Nigeria’s economic growth and stability.
Making reference to the words of the late Nelson Mandela, on the need for leaders to be great listeners, the CBN governor admitted that the apex bank through its interactions with industry players, better understands the perspectives, concerns, and recommendations they expressed. He said the ideas shared reaffirmed the collective commitment to shaping a more resilient and transparent FX market.
He declared that the FX code represents a decisive step forward by the CBN, to set a clear and enforceable standards for ethical conduct, transparency, and good governance in Nigeria’s foreign exchange market. The code, Cardoso added is a firm signal that business-as-usual in the forex market has ended because the code is a blueprint for the future, that is grounded in the hard lessons of the past.
“We must not forget where we are coming from. The era of multiple exchange rates, which created privileges for a select few at the expense of most Nigerians, severely undermined market integrity. As an example, the $7billion of FX backlogs that has taken over 12 months to verify has led to the discovery of multiple unethical and even illegal practices that we should not be proud of as a nation,” he disclosed.
The CBN governor further stated that the period of unprecedented ways-and-means-financing that inflicted significant damage on Nigeria’s economy, contributing to rising inflation, currency depreciation, and eroded public confidence in government’s ability to deal with adverse economic issues is over.
“These practices must never return. The FX Code is a firm rejection of such distortions and an equally firm commitment to a future defined by fairness, trust and market-driven principles. Let us be clear: the system itself played a key role in the challenges of the past.
“Unethical behaviours and systemic abuses – whether by those with privileged access or by complicit participants – eroded public trust and harmed our economy. We will not tolerate any attempts to revert to those practices. Any individual or institution that violates the FX Code will face swift and decisive sanctions,” Cardoso warned.
Predicting the future, he expressed confidence that the nation’s journey towards market reforms is already yielding positive results. According to him, 2024 was marked by structural reforms which sought to return the naira to a freely determined market price and ease volatility.
Such reforms include the discontinuation of quasi-fiscal interventions, unifying the exchange rate windows, clearing a backlog of foreign exchange commitments, and recalibrating monetary policy tools to redirect the course of Nigeria’s economy, restore order and credibility to our FX market, and refocus the CBN on discharging its core mandates.
Cardoso used the opportunity of the FX code to reel out some notable achievements of his stewardship, pointing to the introduction of the Electronic Foreign Exchange Matching System (EFEMS) in December 2024 that has improved market transparency and efficiency. Since its launch, the naira has appreciated significantly—from ₦1, 663.90 on December 2,
2024, to ₦1, 536.72 as of January 28, 2025. Also worthy of mention is the country’s external reserves that have grown by 12.74 percent, reaching $40.68 billion at the end of 2024.
He emphasized the importance of exchange rate stability, describing it as the cornerstone of macro-economic health for an economy like Nigeria’s. The apex bank governor said that beyond daily market rates, the exchange rate influences critical indicators such as the balance of payments, external reserves, international trade, inflation, economic growth, and foreign investment. These factors collectively, he submitted shape the economic welfare of the nation and that of Nigerians.
To Cardoso, tackling rising inflation remains a major challenge of the CBN under his watch, as in his view, rising prices erode the purchasing power of Nigerians and increases the cost of living. However, he believes strongly too that by fostering an exchange rate stability, the problem of inflation can be tackled head-on.
The FX code, the CBN chief asserted marks a new era of compliance and accountability. The code, he declared is not just a set of recommendations, but an enforceable framework, warning industry players that under the CBN Act, 2007 and BOFIA Act, 2020, violations will be met with penalties and administrative actions. He told stakeholders who attended the launch that they must recognize that adherence to the code is not merely about compliance but about restoring public trust in Nigeria’s financial system.
“Beyond the foreign exchange market, the FX code forms part of our renewed focus on compliance across the financial services industry and I am particularly pleased that we have the leadership of the industry to reinforce a collective commitment to the journey ahead. Self-regulation and conduct are at the core of the changes in culture we expect to see at play in the industry, and I expect the principles of the FX code to be applied across other business areas.
“The FX code is built on six core principles—ethics, governance, execution, information sharing, risk management and compliance, and confirmation and settlement processes. These principles align with international standards, while addressing Nigeria’s unique challenges. Together, they provide the foundation for a resilient and transparent market that inspires confidence among both domestic and international participants.
“Today, as we formally launch the FX code, I call on all market participants to embrace its principles wholeheartedly. The six guiding principles and 52 sub-principles must become the standard for conduct across all participating institutions. Leaders in this room – board chairs, managing directors, and chief compliance officers – must lead from the front. Embedding these standards within your organizations is not optional,” Cardosa stated.
He reiterated that the eras of opaque practices is over because the CBN will not hesitate to deal with any institution or individual that undermines the integrity of the financial markets. The code, he added, serves as a collective pledge to transparency, ethical conduct, and fairness in the forex market, and that most importantly, through strict adherence to thev code, Nigeria can build a financial ecosystem that embodies resilience, global competitiveness, and economic prosperity.
Dr Modibbo is an Abuja based Development communication analyst.
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Tinubu Declares End to Neglect of FCT Satellite Towns as Karu Water Project Comes on Stream(Photos)
President Bola Ahmed Tinubu on Monday, declared that the era of neglect of satellite towns in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) is over, saying his administration remained committed to ensuring that basic infrastructure and public services reach communities long excluded from development.

Tinubu, represented by Vice President Kashim Shettima, made the declaration while commissioning the Water Supply Network to Karu Satellite Town and Environs in Kurudu Community along the Karu-Karshi Road, Abuja.
Describing access to clean water as a fundamental human right, the President said the project was a practical demonstration of the administration’s resolve to translate the Renewed Hope Agenda into tangible benefits for ordinary Nigerians.
“We are here not just to cut a ribbon, but to breathe life into a fundamental human right that has eluded this bustling community for far too long. Today, we declare that the era of neglect for our satellite towns is officially over,” Tinubu said.
He recalled that when the administration launched the Renewed Hope Agenda, it entered into what he described as a “sacred covenant” with Nigerians to ensure that governance delivers meaningful improvements in people’s lives.
According to him, the government was determined to move beyond policy pronouncements and provide critical infrastructure to underserved communities.
“When we launched the Renewed Hope Agenda, we promised that governance would no longer be a theoretical exercise confined to the boardrooms of city centres while our people in the periphery thirsted for basic amenities. We promised a government that listens, plans and delivers,” he said.
The President revealed that the Karu Water Supply Project was conceived following his directive that the Greater Abuja Water Supply Project should not be limited to the city centre but extended to satellite communities where a large proportion of the FCT’s working population resides.

He noted that the administration approved funding for the project without bureaucratic delays, enabling contractors, CGC Nigeria Limited, to complete the work ahead of schedule.
The project, he said, comprises more than 194 kilometres of secondary and tertiary pipeline networks designed to provide treated and potable water to residents of Karu, Orozo, Jikwoyi, Kurudu and neighbouring communities.
“To demonstrate our commitment, we did not allow the traditional shackles of bureaucratic delay to obstruct funding. Because we paid on time, the contractors worked on time. Today, ahead of schedule, we are commissioning over 194 kilometres of pipeline networks bringing safe and potable water directly to the doorsteps of our people,” he said.
Tinubu used the occasion to commend the Minister of the Federal Capital Territory, Nyesom Wike, for what he described as impactful leadership and efficient project execution.
“Leadership is not measured by the eloquence of television commentary or the bitterness of empty rhetoric. Leadership is measured by tangible, verifiable impact on the lives of ordinary citizens.
“What we are witnessing in the FCT today across transport, healthcare, education, housing, roads and now water infrastructure is a testament to what happens when vision meets executive capacity. Thank you, Mr Project, for your leadership,” he said.
The President observed that residents of Karu had, for decades, depended on boreholes and water vendors despite the rapid growth of the community, stressing that the project would improve public health, sanitation and economic productivity.
He also urged residents to protect the infrastructure from vandalism and illegal connections.
“This infrastructure belongs to you. It was built with your commonwealth and designed for your well-being. I urge you to safeguard these installations and treat this water as the precious resource that it is,” he added.
Earlier, Wike expressed appreciation to the President for supporting people-centred projects across the FCT, particularly in satellite communities that have historically suffered infrastructure deficits.
The minister said the Karu Water Supply Scheme was executed in direct response to Tinubu’s directive that critical infrastructure should extend beyond the city centre to communities on the outskirts of Abuja.
According to him, the FCT Administration remained committed to implementing projects and programmes that improve the quality of life of residents across the territory.
Also speaking, Minister of State for the FCT, Dr Mariya Mahmoud, described the project as a landmark achievement in the Federal Government’s commitment to improving living conditions through strategic infrastructure investment.
She said the water network fulfilled a long-standing aspiration of residents and reflected the practical impact of the Renewed Hope Agenda.
Mahmoud noted that the project would enhance public health, strengthen sanitation, stimulate economic activities and reduce the burden faced by families who have endured years of inadequate access to potable water.
She called on residents to take ownership of the facility to ensure its sustainability for future generations.
Providing an overview of the project, Executive Secretary of the Federal Capital Development Authority (FCDA), Richard Dauda, said the scheme was designed to improve access to potable water in Karu and surrounding communities.
According to him, the project utilised an existing reservoir and connected more than 1,000 distribution lines to serve Karu, Jikwoyi, Kurudu and adjoining settlements.
Dauda thanked President Tinubu for supporting what he described as a transformational intervention that would significantly improve the welfare of residents.
For years, residents of the Karu axis have relied heavily on private boreholes and water vendors, with community leaders repeatedly calling for the extension of municipal water services. The new network is expected to reduce dependence on unsafe water sources and lower water costs for households and businesses in one of Abuja’s fastest-growing satellite towns.
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110bn SUVs Procurement: Respect Separation of Powers, pro-democracy group warns critics of N’Assembly
A pro-democracy organisation, the Advocates of Social Justice for All (ASJA), has warned Civil Society Groups and critics of National Assembly over the controversial N110 billion reportedly spent on the procurement of official vehicles and support allowances for lawmakers in 2023, to stop undermining the institution of the Parliament.
A Federal High Court sitting in Lagos, had penultimate Wednesday, declared that the sum of N40bn used to procure 360 Sports Utility Vehicles (SUVs) for Members of the House of Representatives, and 109 SUVs for Members of the Senate; and the sum of N70bn used for support allowances for the newly inaugurated Members of the 10th National Assembly, as appropriated for in the 2022 supplementary budget, did not meet the standard procurement laws.
Declaring the appropriation and expenditure of the total sum of N110bn by the National Assembly as “unlawful”, Justice Yellim Bogoro ordered the Senate President, Senator Godswill Akpabio, and Speaker of the House of Representatives, Hon. Tajudeen Abbas, “to ensure that all future procurements or expenditure of public funds by the National Assembly comply strictly with due process requirements and are also guided by the principles of transparency, accountability and value for money.”
Two weeks after the judgement, the Plaintiff in the matter, the Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability Project (SERAP), in a statement, insisted that Members of the National Assembly must refund the said N110bn to the Federal Government coffers.
But in a statement issued on Monday, ASJA questioned the recent judgment of the Court which reportedly declared the expenditure unlawful, arguing that the ruling raises significant constitutional issues concerning the operational autonomy of the legislature.
The statement signed by Dr. Torkuma Asongo, the Executive Director, the group maintained that the National Assembly, as an independent arm of government, possesses the constitutional authority to make budgetary provisions necessary for the effective discharge of its legislative responsibilities.
According to the group, the procurement of official vehicles for federal lawmakers should not be interpreted as an act of extravagance, but rather as a necessary measure to enable legislators effectively carry out oversight functions, constituency engagements, committee assignments, and other official duties across the country.
“The National Assembly remains one of the critical institutions of democracy, and its Members require adequate operational support to effectively discharge their constitutional mandate. Official vehicles for lawmakers should be regarded as essential tools for legislative work rather than luxury items,” the statement read.
The group also criticised the call by SERAP for the refund of the funds, describing the move as premature and potentially capable of generating unnecessary institutional tension.
It argued that, rather than exerting public pressure on the legislature, concerned parties should allow the judicial process to run its full course, including any appellate proceedings.
ASJA further emphasised the importance of upholding the doctrine of separation of powers, cautioning against actions that could undermine the independence and integrity of the legislature.
“The principle of separation of powers is fundamental to constitutional democracy. While accountability and transparency remain essential, care must be taken to ensure that the constitutional independence of the legislature is not eroded through undue interference or public sensationalism,” the group warned.
ASJA urged civil society organisations and other stakeholders to approach issues concerning the National Assembly with objectivity and restraint, noting that sustained efforts to delegitimise the parliament could weaken democratic institutions and diminish public confidence in governance.
The group therefore called for continued respect for the National Assembly as the country’s foremost representative institution, insisting that strengthening democratic institutions remains essential to Nigeria’s democratic consolidation.
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South Africa deploy security personnel nationwide ahead of anti-migrant deadline
South African police will beef up security nationwide ahead of a June 30 deadline set by fringe anti-illegal immigration groups for undocumented foreigners to leave, law enforcement authorities said on Monday.
The country, one of Africa’s largest and most industrialised economies, has been on edge following weeks of sometimes violent xenophobic unrest that has left at least two people dead.
Small but organised groups have issued an ultimatum for undocumented migrants to exit or face consequences, a demand with no legal force.
“The South African Police Service has elevated its operational readiness across all provinces, with comprehensive deployment plans in place to protect communities, critical infrastructure and key public spaces,” acting police minister Firoz Cachalia said.
He stressed the right to peaceful protest but warned: “Criminality, intimidation, violence, the destruction of property and any attempt to undermine public safety will not be tolerated”.
The military would secure strategic sites such as airports and stand ready to assist police if needed, said Defence Minister Angie Motshekga.
“Indeed, if, and I hope it is not going to reach that point, called upon by the police to support, we will, but basically ours is around the key points,” she said.
South Africa, a longstanding magnet for migrant labour, faces joblessness above 30 per cent and a history of periodic anti-foreigner violence, fuelled by claims migrants drive crime and steal jobs.
Past flare-ups have been deadly: 62 people were killed in 2008 riots, with further outbreaks in 2015 and 2016.
Violence in 2019 saw armed mobs descend on foreign-owned businesses around Johannesburg, leaving at least 12 people dead — 10 of them South African citizens.
The latest tensions come ahead of local government elections scheduled for November 4.
During the voter registration at the weekend, gunmen shot dead four people linked to political parties in separate incidents.
Two of those killed were affiliated with the opposition Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) party, which is headed by ex-president Jacob Zuma, South Africa’s leader between 2009 and 2018.
The third, a Democratic Alliance ward candidate, was shot in the Western Cape, while an African National Congress ward councillor was killed in the Eastern Cape.
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